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this is beyond my capacity

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1 capacity

kə'pæsəti
plural - capacities; noun

1) (ability to hold, contain etc: This tank has a capacity of 300 gallons.) rominnhold, volum, kapasitet

2) (ability: his capacity for remembering facts.) kapasitet, evne

3) (position: in his capacity as a leader.) stilling, egenskap; i embets medfør

kapasitet

I
subst. \/kəˈpæsətɪ\/

1) kapasitet

• he is a man of great capacity

han er en (stor) kapasitet

2) kapasitet, plass, volum (fysikk), rom (fysikk)

• the hall has a seating capacity of 500

det er 500 sitteplasser i hallen

3) fatteevne

• this is beyond my capacity

dette ligger utenfor min fatteevne

4) ( jus) kompetanse, rettskapasitet

5) egenskap, stilling

• in my capacity of...

i min stilling som...

6) evne, mulighet

• capacity for happiness

evne til å kjenne lykke

• capacity for work

arbeidsevne

• capacity to pay

betalingsevne

carrying capacity bærekraft

filled to capacity full til randen, fullsatt

legal capacity ( jus) rettsevne

measure of capacity rommål

work to capacity arbeide for fullt
II
adj. \/kəˈpæsətɪ\/

fullsatt, full-, topp-

• capacity house

fullsatt hus

• yesterday there was a capacity crowd at the match

i går gikk kampen for fulle tribuner

• capacity production

topproduksjon

English-Norwegian dictionary > capacity
2 capacity

noun

1) (power) Aufnahmefähigkeit, die; (to do things) Leistungsfähigkeit, die

2) no pl. (maximum amount) Fassungsvermögen, das

the machine is working to capacity — die Maschine ist voll ausgelastet

a seating capacity of 300 — 300 Sitzplätze

filled to capacity — [Saal, Theater] bis auf den letzten Platz besetzt; attrib.

the film drew capacity audiences/houses for ten weeks — zehn Wochen lang waren alle Vorstellungen dieses Films ausverkauft

3) (measure) Rauminhalt, der; Volumen, das

4) (position) Eigenschaft, die; Funktion, die

in his capacity as critic/lawyer — etc. in seiner Eigenschaft als Kritiker/Anwalt usw

* * *
[kə'pæsəti]
plural - capacities; noun

1) (ability to hold, contain etc: This tank has a capacity of 300 gallons.) das Fassungsvermögen

2) (ability: his capacity for remembering facts.) die Fähigkeit

3) (position: in his capacity as a leader.) die Stellung

* * *

ca·pac·ity

[kəˈpæsəti, AM -ət̬i]

I. n

1. (cubic capacity) Fassungsvermögen nt; (available space) Rauminhalt m, Volumen nt

the stadium has a seating \capacity of 50,000 das Stadium hat 50.000 Sitzplätze

2. no pl (ability) Fähigkeit f, Vermögen nt

it seems to be beyond his \capacity to do that offensichtlich ist er damit überfordert

is it within her \capacity to do it? ist sie in der Lage, das zu tun?

mental \capacity geistige Fähigkeiten pl

\capacity for action Handlungsfähigkeit f

\capacity for investment Investitionsfähigkeit f

to have a \capacity for sth etw gut können

to have a \capacity for alcohol [or drink] trinkfest sein

3. no pl LAW Geschäftsfähigkeit f, Rechtsfähigkeit f

person of full age and \capacity volljährige und geschäftsfähige Person

4. no pl MIL

military \capacity militärische Schlagkraft

5. (output) Leistung[sfähigkeit] f

6. no pl (maximum output) Kapazität f

to be full to \capacity absolut voll sein

filled to \capacity ganz voll, randvoll

to work below/at full \capacity nicht ganz/voll ausgelastet sein

7. (position) Funktion f, Stellung f; (role) Eigenschaft f

he was speaking in his \capacity as a critic er sprach in seiner Eigenschaft als Kritiker

in her \capacity as a lawyer [in ihrer Funktion] als Anwältin

8. FIN (solvency) Kreditfähigkeit f

9. (production)

industrial [or manufacturing] [or production] \capacity Produktionskapazität f

\capacity utilization Kapazitätsauslastung f

II. n modifier

1. (maximum) Höchst-, Maximal-

the hotel is at \capacity occupancy das Hotel ist voll belegt

to carry a \capacity load voll beladen sein

\capacity working ECON Vollauslastung f

2. THEAT, MUS

to play to \capacity audience vor ausverkauftem Saal spielen

the star was cheered by a \capacity crowd ein volles Haus jubelte dem Star zu

* * *
[kə'psItɪ]
n

1) (= cubic content etc) Fassungsvermögen nt, (Raum)inhalt m; (= maximum output) Kapazität f; (= maximum weight) Höchstlast f; (AUT, = engine capacity) Hubraum m

filled to capacity — randvoll; (hall) bis auf den letzten Platz besetzt

seating capacity of 400 — 400 Sitzplätze

to work to capacity — voll ausgelastet sein

working at full capacity — voll ausgelastet

the Stones played to capacity audiences — die Stones spielten vor ausverkauften Sälen

2) (= ability) Fähigkeit f

his capacity for learning — seine Lern- or Aufnahmefähigkeit

he has a great capacity for work — er kann sehr gut arbeiten

this work is within/beyond his capacity — er ist zu dieser Arbeit fähig/nicht fähig

3) (= role, position) Eigenschaft f, Funktion f

in my capacity as a doctor — (in meiner Eigenschaft) als Arzt

speaking in his official capacity as mayor, he said... — er sagte in seiner Eigenschaft als Bürgermeister...

in a personal capacity — als Privatperson

they refused to employ him in any capacity whatsoever — sie lehnten es ab, ihn in irgendeiner Form zu beschäftigen

4) (= legal power) Befugnis f

* * *

capacity [kəˈpæsətı]

A s

1. a) Fassungsvermögen n, Kapazität f:

filled to capacity bis auf den letzten Platz gefüllt, THEAT etc (bis auf den letzten Platz) ausverkauft

b) (Raum)Inhalt m, Volumen n: → academic.ru/45817/measure">measure A 1

2. PHYS Aufnahmefähigkeit f

3. ELEK

a) Kapazität f

b) Leistungsfähigkeit f, Belastbarkeit f

4. SCHIFF, BAHN Ladefähigkeit f

5. (Leistungs)Fähigkeit f, Vermögen n:

capacity for learning Lernfähigkeit;

capacity for remembering Erinnerungsvermögen;

have the capacity to do sth das Zeug dazu haben, etwas zu tun umg

6. WIRTSCH, TECH Kapazität f, Leistungsfähigkeit f, (Nenn)Leistung f:

work to capacity mit Höchstleistung arbeiten, voll ausgelastet sein

7. fig (geistiges) Fassungsvermögen, Auffassungsgabe f:

that is beyond his capacity damit ist er überfordert, das ist für ihn zu hoch;

the book is well within the capacity of young readers das Buch können auch junge Leser ohne Weiteres verstehen

8. Eigenschaft f, Stellung f:

in his capacity as in seiner Eigenschaft als

9. JUR (Geschäfts-, Testier- etc) Fähigkeit f:

capacity to sue and to be sued Prozessfähigkeit

B adj

1. maximal, Höchst…:

capacity business Rekordgeschäft n

2. capacity audience THEAT etc (bis auf den letzten Platz) ausverkauftes Haus;

capacity crowd SPORT ausverkauftes Stadion

3. ELEK kapazitiv ( → capacitive)

cap. abk

1. capacity

2. capital

* * *

noun

1) (power) Aufnahmefähigkeit, die; (to do things) Leistungsfähigkeit, die

2) no pl. (maximum amount) Fassungsvermögen, das

the machine is working to capacity — die Maschine ist voll ausgelastet

a seating capacity of 300 — 300 Sitzplätze

filled to capacity — [Saal, Theater] bis auf den letzten Platz besetzt; attrib.

the film drew capacity audiences/houses for ten weeks — zehn Wochen lang waren alle Vorstellungen dieses Films ausverkauft

3) (measure) Rauminhalt, der; Volumen, das

4) (position) Eigenschaft, die; Funktion, die

in his capacity as critic/lawyer — etc. in seiner Eigenschaft als Kritiker/Anwalt usw

* * *

n.

Fassungsvermögen n.

Inhalt -e m.

Kapazität f.

Leistung -en f.

Leistungsfähigkeit f.

Leistungsvermögen n.

Volumen - n.

English-german dictionary > capacity
3 capacity

kə'pæsəti
plural - capacities; noun

1) (ability to hold, contain etc: This tank has a capacity of 300 gallons.) capacidad

2) (ability: his capacity for remembering facts.) capacidad

3) (position: in his capacity as a leader.) calidad

capacity n capacidad

capacity

tr[kə'pæsɪtɪ]

noun (pl capacities)

1 (maximum content - of container) capacidad nombre femenino, cabida; (- of theatre) aforo, capacidad nombre femenino, cabida

■ the cinema has a seating capacity of 300 el cine tiene un aforo de 300 localidades

2 (ability) capacidad nombre femenino ( for, de)

■ he has a great capacity for hard work tiene una gran capacidad de trabajo

3 (position, role) calidad nombre femenino

■ speaking in my capacity as club secretary hablando en calidad de secretario del club

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

in a personal capacity a título personal

to be filled to capacity estar al completo

to work at full capacity trabajar a pleno rendimiento

capacity crowd / capacity audience lleno completo, lleno total

capacity [kə'pæsət̬i] adj

: completo, total

a capacity crowd: un lleno completo

capacity n, pl - ties

1) room, space: capacidad f, cabida f, espacio m

2) capability: habilidad f, competencia f

3) function, role: calidad f, función f

in his capacity as ambassador: en su calidad de embajador

capacity

adj.

• lleno, -a adj.

• máximo, -a adj.

n.

• alcance s.m.

• buque s.m.

• cabida s.f.

• calidad s.f.

• capacidad s.f.

• dimensión s.f.

• espaciosidad s.f.

• extensión s.f.

• facultad s.m.

• porte s.m.

• potencia s.f.

• vaso s.m.

kə'pæsəti
noun (pl - ties)

1) u c

a) ( maximum content) capacidad f; (before n)

a capacity crowd — un lleno completo or total

b) ( output) capacidad f

to operate at full capacity — funcionar al límite de capacidad or a pleno rendimiento

2) u ( ability) capacidad f

capacity FOR something — capacidad de algo

capacity to + INF — capacidad para + inf

the job was beyond her capacity — el trabajo estaba por encima de su capacidad

3) c ( role) calidad f

in his capacity as union delegate — en su calidad de delegado del sindicato

[kǝ'pæsɪtɪ]
1. N

1) [of container etc] capacidad f ; (=seating capacity) cabida f, aforo m ; (Aut) cilindrada f ; (=carrying capacity) capacidad f de carga

what is the capacity of this hall? — ¿cuántos caben en esta sala?

filled to capacity — al completo

2) (=position) calidad f

in my capacity as Chairman — en mi calidad de presidente

in what capacity were you there? — ¿en calidad de qué estabas allí?

I've worked for them in various capacities — he trabajado para ellos desempeñando distintas funciones

3) (=ability) capacidad f

her capacities — su capacidad or aptitud

her capacity for research — su capacidad or aptitud para la investigación

to work at full capacity — [machine, factory] funcionar a pleno rendimiento

2.

CPD

capacity audience N — lleno m

there was a capacity audience in the theatre — hubo un lleno en el teatro

capacity booking N — reserva f total

capacity crowd N — = capacity audience

* * *
[kə'pæsəti]
noun (pl - ties)

1) u c

a) ( maximum content) capacidad f; (before n)

a capacity crowd — un lleno completo or total

b) ( output) capacidad f

to operate at full capacity — funcionar al límite de capacidad or a pleno rendimiento

2) u ( ability) capacidad f

capacity FOR something — capacidad de algo

capacity to + INF — capacidad para + inf

the job was beyond her capacity — el trabajo estaba por encima de su capacidad

3) c ( role) calidad f

in his capacity as union delegate — en su calidad de delegado del sindicato

English-spanish dictionary > capacity
4 capacity

[kə'pæsɪtɪ]
n

( of container) pojemność f; ( of ship) ładowność f; ( of pipeline) przepustowość f; ( of lift) udźwig m, obciążenie nt; ( capability) zdolność f; (position, role) kompetencje pl, uprawnienia pl; ( of factory) wydajność f

seating capacity — liczba miejsc siedzących

filled to capacity — wypełniony po brzegi

in his capacity as a director — w ramach swoich dyrektorskich kompetencji or uprawnień

this work is beyond my capacity — ta praca przerasta moje możliwości

in an advisory capacity — w charakterze doradcy

to work at full capacity — pracować na pełnych obrotach

* * *
[kə'pæsəti]
plural - capacities; noun

1) (ability to hold, contain etc: This tank has a capacity of 300 gallons.) pojemność

2) (ability: his capacity for remembering facts.) zdolność

3) (position: in his capacity as a leader.) pozycja, stanowisko

English-Polish dictionary > capacity
5 capacity *** ca·pac·ity

[kə'pæsɪtɪ]
n

1) Elec, Phys, (of container etc) capacità, (of lift etc) capienza

the tank has a 40-litre capacity — il serbatoio ha una capacità di 40 litri

seating capacity — capienza

filled to capacity — pieno (-a) zeppo (-a)

the auditorium was filled to capacity — la sala era al completo

to work at full capacity — (factory etc) lavorare a pieno ritmo

2) (position) posizione f, funzione f

in my capacity as chairman — nella mia veste di presidente, in qualità di presidente

in an advisory capacity — a titolo consultativo

in his official capacity — nell'esercizio delle sue funzioni

3) (ability) capacità

to have a capacity for hard work — essere un gran lavoratore (-trice)

this work is beyond my capacity — questo lavoro è al di là delle mie possibilità

English-Italian dictionary > capacity *** ca·pac·ity
6 компетентност

competence, competency; sphere

(на комисия) terms of reference

това е компетентност на съда this lies/is within the competence of the law

в компетентността на местния съд cognizable by the local court

това не е от моята компетентност this lies beyond/outside my competence, I am not competent to deal with this, this is outside my sphere, this does not pertain to my office, this is outside my capacity

* * *

компетѐнтност,

ж., само ед. competence, competency; conversance, conversancy (with); sphere; (на комисия) terms of reference; в \компетентността на местния съд within (under) the cognizance of the local court, cognizable by the local court; това е извън \компетентността на комисията it is outside the reference of the commission; това е \компетентност на съда this lies/is within the competence of the law; това не е от моята \компетентност this lies beyond/outside my competence, I am not competent to deal with this, that goes beyond my cognizance, this is outside my sphere, this does not pertain to my office, this is outside my capacity.

* * *

cognizance; competence: This is within the компетентност of the law. - Това е в компетентността на съда.; conversance; scope{skoup}

* * *
1. (на комисия) terms of reference 2. competence, competency;sphere 3. в КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТта на местния съд cognizable by the local court 4. това е КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТ на съда this lies/is within the competence of the law 5. това не е от моята КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТ this lies beyond/outside my competence, I am not competent to deal with this, this is outside my sphere, this does not pertain to my office, this is outside my capacity

Български-английски речник > компетентност
7 Fassungsvermögen

n

1. capacity

2. fig. (mental) capacity; das übersteigt mein Fassungsvermögen that’s beyond my (powers of) comprehension, that’s above my head

* * *

das Fassungsvermögen

capacity; content; cubic capacity

* * *
Fạs|sungs|ver|mö|gen
nt (lit, fig)
capacity
das übersteigt mein Fassungsvermögen — that's beyond me, that's beyond the limits of my comprehension

* * *

das

(ability to hold, contain etc: This tank has a capacity of 300 gallons.) capacity

* * *

Fas·sungs·ver·mö·gen

nt capacity

* * *

das; o. Pl. capacity

* * *

Fassungsvermögen n

1. capacity

2. fig (mental) capacity;

das übersteigt mein Fassungsvermögen that’s beyond my (powers of) comprehension, that’s above my head

* * *

das; o. Pl. capacity

* * *

n.

capacity n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Fassungsvermögen
8 ум

mind, intellect, wit, brains, разг. grey-matter. nous

шег. pericranium

(начин на мислене) mentality

голям ум a strong mind, a mind of wide scope/of great capacity

ограничен ум a mind of limited scope

природен ум mother wit

бърз ум a quick mind, present wit

с ума си съм be in o.'s senses/in o.'s right mind

не съм с ума си not be right in o.'s head, not be quite all there, be out of o.'s senses, be off o.'s head/rocker, wander in o.'s mind

дойде ми на ум, че it occurred to me that. it came to my mind that, the thought/idea struck me that

не ми дойде на ум it never occurred to me/crossed my mind, I didn't think of it

и през ум не би ми минало I wouldn't dream of it

излезе/изскочи ми от ум a. I (clean) forgot, it slipped from my mind

нещо не ми излиза от ума have s.th. on o.'s mind

цял ден не ми излезе от ума it lay on my mind all day

не може да ми излезе от ума I can't get it out of my mind

каквото му е на ума, това му е на езика he wears his heart upon his sleeve

близко е до ума it stands to reason

стига ми умът вж. стигам

сече му умът he has a fine brain, he has a good head on his shoulders

доколкото ми сече умът according to o.'s lights

загубвам си ума go mad (по on); be mad/am. crazy (about); go off o.'s head

be out of o.'s mind. be driven out of o.'s wits (от with)

да не си си загубилума? have you taken leave of your senses?

вземам ума на някого strike s.o. speechless, take s.o.'s breath away

вземам ума на слушателите bring down the house, sweep everybody off their feet

умът ми се взема при мисълта my mind/brain reels at the thought

загубвам ума и дума lose o.'s head, o.'s heart grows faint within one; be frightened out of o.'s senses/wits, be stricken all of a heap, get into a flap

научавам се на ум и разум learn sense

научавам някого на ум и разум teach s.o. some sense

да ти дойдеумът в главата this will bring you back to your senses, this will knock some sense into you

бия някого да му дойде умът в главата thrash s.o. into a happier/into a more reasonable state of mind

идва ми умът в главата come to o.'s senses, cast o.'s colt's teeth

опичам/събирам си ума be careful, watch out, watch o.'s step. mind o.'s step/o.'s p's and q's, mind what one is about, be on o.'s guard, keep o.'s wits about one

забърквам ума на някого muddle s.o.'s head

завъртвам ума на някого turn s.o.'s head

умът ми не го побира this is beyond all reason, it's inconceivable

умът ми е другаде my thoughts are elsewhere

умът му е винаги някъде другаде he is always wool-gathering

едно на ум мат. carry one

имам си едно на ум, че remember (that), never forget (that), bear in mind (that)

идва ми друг ум change o.'s mind, veer

тръгвам/повличам се по ум а на be stupid enough to follow

останало ми е в ума, че I seem to remember that, I rather think (that)

от ума си тегли he has only himself to blame, it's his own fault

с кой ум го направи? how could you do that?

ум да ти зайде! topping, ripping, smashing

ум царува, ум робува, ум патки пасе some are wise and some are otherwise; that's what comes of not using your head

* * *

ум,

м., -овѐ, (два) у̀ма mind, intellect, wit, brains, разг. grey matter, nous, grey cells; savvy; шег. pericranium; ( начин на мислене) mentality; • близко е до \ума it stands to reason; бърз \ум a quick mind, present wit; вземам \ума на някого strike s.o. speechless, take s.o.’s breath away; вземам \ума на слушателите bring down the house, sweep everybody off their feet; голям \ум a strong mind, a mind of wide scope/of great capacity; да ти дойде \умът в главата this will bring you back to your senses, this will knock some sense into you; дойде ми на \ума, че it occurred to me that, it came to my mind that, the thought/idea struck me that; загубвам си \ума go mad (по on); be mad/амер. crazy (about); go off o.’s head; be out of o.’s mind, be driven out of o.’s wits (от with); загубвам си \ума по разг. have the hots for; загубвам \ума и дума lose o.’s head, o.’s heart grows faint within one; be frightened out of o.’s senses/wits, be stricken all of a heap, get into a flap; и през \ум не би ми минало I wouldn’t dream of it; идва ми друг \ум change o.’s mind, veer; идва ми \умът в главата come to o.’s senses, cast o.’s colt’s teeth; излезе/изскочи ми от \ума I (clean) forgot, it slipped from my mind; каквото му е на \ума, такова му е на езика he wears his heart upon his sleeve; научавам се на \ум и разум learn sense; не може да ми излезе от \ума I can’t get it out of my mind; не съм с \ума си not be right in o.’s head, not be quite all there, be out of o.’s senses, be off o.’s head/rocker, wander in o.’s mind; нещо не ми излиза от \ума have s.th. on o.’s mind; опичам/събирам си \ума be careful, watch out, watch o.’s step, mind o.’s step/o.’s p’s and q’s, mind what one is about, be on o.’s guard, keep o.’s wits about one; от \ума си тегли he has only himself to blame, it’s his own fault; природен \ум mother wit; с кой \ум го направи? how could you do that? с \ума си съм be in o.’s senses/in o.’s right mind; сече му \умът he has a good head on his shoulders; тръгвам/повличам се по \ума на be stupid enough to follow; \ум да ти зайде! topping, ripping, smashing; \ум царува, \ум робува, \ум патки пасе some are wise and some are otherwise; that’s what comes of not using your head; \умът ми не го побира this is beyond all reason, it’s inconceivable; \умът ми се взема при мисълта my mind/brain reels at the thought; \умът му е винаги някъде другаде he is always wool-gathering; цял ден не ми излезе от \ума it lay on my mind all day.

* * *

mind: He is of his ум. - Той не е с ума си.; virile mind - пъргав ум: bear in ум - имам едно на ум; brain ; intellect ; intelligence ; wit {wit}; it occurred to me - дойде ми на ума; carry one - едно на ум (мат.)

* * *
1. (начин на мислене) mentality 2. be out of o.'s mind. be driven out of o.'s wits (от with) 3. mind, intellect, wit, brains, разг. grey-matter. nous 4. УМ да ти зайде! topping, ripping, smashing 5. УМ царува, УМ робува, УМ патки пасе some are wise and some are otherwise; that's what comes of not using your head 6. УМът ми е другаде my thoughts are elsewhere 7. УМът ми не го побира this is beyond all reason, it's inconceivable 8. УМът ми се взема при мисълта my mind/brain reels at the thought 9. УМът му е винаги някъде другаде he is always wool-gathering 10. бия някого да му дойде УМът в главата thrash s.o. into a happier/into a more reasonable state of mind 11. близко е до УМa it stands to reason 12. бърз УМ a quick mind, present wit 13. вземам УМa на слушателите bring down the house, sweep everybody off their feet 14. вземам УМа на някого strike s.o. speechless, take s.o.'s breath away 15. голям УМ а strong mind, a mind of wide scope/of great capacity 16. да не си си загубилУМа? have you taken leave of your senses? 17. да ти дойдеУМът в главата this will bring you back to your senses, this will knock some sense into you 18. дойде ми на УМ, че it occurred to me that. it came to my mind that, the thought/idea struck me that 19. доколкото ми сече УМът according to o.'s lights 20. едно на УМ мат. carry one 21. забърквам УМа на някого muddle s.o.'s head 22. завъртвам УМа на някого turn s.o.'s head 23. загубвам УМа и дума lose o.'s head, o.'s heart grows faint within one;be frightened out of o.'s senses/wits, be stricken all of a heap, get into a flap 24. загубвам си УМа go mad (пo on);be mad/am. crazy (about);go off o.'s head 25. и през УМ не би ми минало I wouldn't dream of it 26. идва ми УМът в главата come to o.'s senses, cast o.'s colt's teeth 27. идва ми друг УМ change o.'s mind, veer 28. излезе/изскочи ми от УМ a. I (clean) forgot, it slipped from my mind 29. имам си едно на УМ, че remember (that), never forget (that), bear in mind (that) 30. каквото му е на УМа, това му е на езика he wears his heart upon his sleeve 31. научавам някого на УМ и разум teach s.o. some sense 32. научавам се на УМ и разум learn sense 33. не ми дойде на УМ it never occurred to me/crossed my mind, I didn't think of it 34. не може да ми излезе от УМа I can't get it out of my mind 35. не съм с УМа си not be right in o.'s head, not be quite all there, be out of o.'s senses, be off o.'s head/rocker, wander in o.'s mind 36. нещо не ми излиза от УМа have s.th. on o.'s mind 37. ограничен УМ a mind of limited scope 38. опичам/събирам си УМа be careful, watch out, watch o.'s step. mind o.'s step/o.'s p's and q's, mind what one is about, be on o.'s guard, keep o.'s wits about one 39. останало ми е в УМа, че I seem to remember that, I rather think (that) 40. от УМa си тегли he has only himself to blame, it's his own fault 41. природен УМ mother wit 42. с УМa си съм be in o.'s senses/in o.'s right mind 43. с кой УМ го направи? how could you do that? 44. сече му УМът he has a fine brain, he has a good head on his shoulders 45. стига ми УМът вж. стигам 46. тръгвам/повличам се пo УМ а на be stupid enough to follow 47. цял ден не ми излезе от УМа it lay on my mind all day 48. шег. pericranium

Български-английски речник > ум
9 С-190

HE ПОД СИЛУ кому PrepP Invar subj-compl with copula ( subj: abstr or infin) used without negation to convey the opposite meaning)
1. Also: HE ПО СИЛАМ ( occas. used as nonagreeing postmodif) sth. is beyond the limits of s.o. 's physical strength or beyond his abilities, competence etc: X Y-y не под силу - X is beyond Y's power (strength, capacity (to understand), reach)
X is not in (within) Y's power X Is more than Y can do (deliver, handle) Y doesn't have what it takes (to do X) X is too much for Y Y lacks the strength (the ability) (to do X) (in limited contexts) Y is not competent at X
X Y-y под силу - Y has the strength (the ability, the power) to do X
Y can do (handle) X Y has it in him (has what it takes) to do X (in limited contexts) Y is competent at X X is within Yb means.
«До сих пор я не понимал себя, я задавал себе задачи, которые мне не по силам...» (Тургенев 2). "Up till now I did not understand myself, I set myself tasks beyond my capacity..." (2c).

Сейчас, задним числом, я думаю, что у кагебешников даже и шанса не было не сдаться. Вопрос о моём отъезде был решён на каких-то верхах, им недоступных. И нарушить решение верхов им было не под силу (Войнович 1). Now, with hindsight, I think the KGB had no choice but to give in. The question of my leaving the country had been decided high up, on levels to which these men had no access. It was not in their power to violate such a decision (1 a).

Ha одно мгновение смысл существования опять открывался Ларе. Она тут, - постигала она, — для того, чтобы разобраться в сумасшедшей прелести земли и все назвать по имени, а если это будет ей не по силам, то из любви к жизни родить себе преемников, которые это сделают вместо неё (Пастернак 1). For a moment she (Lara) rediscovered the purpose of her life. She was on earth to grasp the meaning of its wild enchantment and to call each thing by its right name, or, if this were not within her power, to give birth out of love for life to successors who would do it in her place (1a).

...Иногда в голове возникают изумительные проекты, но чувствуешь, что тебе не под силу протолкнуть их через соответствующие учреждения (Искандер 4). Sometimes an amazing scheme will come to you, but you are aware that you don't have what it takes to push it through the appropriate channels (4a).

(Я) взвалил его (баллон) на плечо... Пройдя первые десять ступенек, я понял, что слишком много взял на себя. Лет пять назад я мог пройти с таким баллоном втрое больше, теперь это было мне не под силу (Войнович 5)....1 hefted the cylinder up on my shoulder....After the first ten steps I realized that I'd bitten off more than I could chew. Five years ago I could have carried a cylinder like that three times as far, but now it was too much for me (5a).

Путь Хлебникова был для меня запретен. Да и кому, кроме него, оказался бы он под силу? (Лившиц 1). For me the path chosen by Khlebnikov was a forbidden one. And who, apart from him, would have found the strength to pursue it? (1a).

Давайте найдём себе дело по силам. К примеру, преферанс» (Распутин 1). "Let's turn to something we're more competent at—a game of preference, for instance" (1a).

«Вопрос обсуждаемого романа - чего стоит человеку социализм и под силу ли цена?» (Солженицын 2). "The question in the novel we are discussing is: What does socialism cost, and is the price within our means?" (2a).

2. sth. is very difficult or impossible for s.o. to do (because he lacks decisiveness, does not dare to, cannot overcome his sluggishness etc)

X Y-y не под силу = Y just can't (get himself to (make himself etc)) do X
Y is incapable of doing X there is no way Y can do X (in limited contexts) Y can't bear the thought of doing X.
(Мандельштам) не мог отделить мою судьбу от своей... Мою любовь к живописи... он сразу забрал себе и так же решил поступить с Шекспиром. Ведь любить врозь означает отделиться друг от друга - это было ему не под силу (Мандельштам 2)....He (Mandelstam) could make no distinction between my life and his own....He had immediately taken over my love of painting...and decided on the same policy with regard to Shakespeare. Loving different things was the same as separating, and he just could not bear the thought (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-190
10 не по силам

• НЕ ПОД СИЛУ кому

[PrepP; Invar; subj-compl with copula (subj: abstr or infin); used without negation to convey the opposite meaning]

=====

1. Also: НЕ ПО СИЛАМ [occas. used as nonagreeing postmodif]

⇒ sth. is beyond the limits of s.o.'s physical strength or beyond his abilities, competence etc:

- X Y-у не под силу≈ X is beyond Y's power (strength, capacity (to understand), reach);

- X is not in (within) Y's power;

- X is more than Y can do (deliver, handle);

- Y doesn't have what it takes (to do X);

- X is too much for Y;

- Y lacks the strength (the ability) (to do X);

- [in limited contexts] Y is not competent at X;

|| X Y-y под силу≈ Y has the strength (the ability, the power) to do X;

- Y can do (handle) X;

- Y has it in him (has what it takes) to do X;

- [in limited contexts] Y is competent at X;

- X is within Y's means.

     ♦ "До сих пор я не понимал себя, я задавал себе задачи, которые мне не по силам..." (Тургенев 2). "Up till now I did not understand myself, I set myself tasks beyond my capacity..." (2c).

     ♦ Сейчас, задним числом, я думаю, что у кагебешников даже и шанса не было не сдаться. Вопрос о моём отъезде был решён на каких-то верхах, им недоступных. И нарушить решение верхов им было не под силу (Войнович 1). Now, with hindsight, I think the KGB had no choice but to give in. The question of my leaving the country had been decided high up, on levels to which these men had no access. It was not in their power to violate such a decision (1a).

     ♦ На одно мгновение смысл существования опять открывался Ларе. Она тут, - постигала она, - для того, чтобы разобраться в сумасшедшей прелести земли и все назвать по имени, а если это будет ей не по силам, то из любви к жизни родить себе преемников, которые это сделают вместо неё (Пастернак 1). For a moment she [Lara] rediscovered the purpose of her life. She was on earth to grasp the meaning of its wild enchantment and to call each thing by its right name, or, if this were not within her power, to give birth out of love for life to successors who would do it in her place (1a).

     ♦...Иногда в голове возникают изумительные проекты, но чувствуешь, что тебе не под силу протолкнуть их через соответствующие учреждения (Искандер 4). Sometimes an amazing scheme will come to you, but you are aware that you don't have what it takes to push it through the appropriate channels (4a).

     ♦...[ Я] взвалил его [баллон] на плечо... Пройдя первые десять ступенек, я понял, что слишком много взял на себя. Лет пять назад я мог пройти с таким баллоном втрое больше, теперь это было мне не под силу (Войнович 5)....I hefted the cylinder up on my shoulder....After the first ten steps I realized that I'd bitten off more than I could chew. Five years ago I could have carried a cylinder like that three times as far, but now it was too much for me (5a).

     ♦ Путь Хлебникова был для меня запретен. Да и кому, кроме него, оказался бы он под силу? (Лившиц 1). For me the path chosen by Khlebnikov was a forbidden one. And who, apart from him, would have found the strength to pursue it? (1a).

     ♦ "Давайте найдём себе дело по силам. К примеру, преферанс" (Распутин 1). "Let's turn to something we're more competent at - a game of preference, for instance" (1a).

     ♦ "Вопрос обсуждаемого романа - чего стоит человеку социализм и под силу ли цена?" (Солженицын 2). "The question in the novel we are discussing is: What does socialism cost, and is the price within our means?" (2a).

2. sth. is very difficult or impossible for s.o. to do (because he lacks decisiveness, does not dare to, cannot overcome his sluggishness etc):

- X Y-y не под силу≈ Y just can't (get himself to <make himself etc >) do X;

- Y is incapable of doing X;

- there is no way Y can do X;

- [in limited contexts] Y can't bear the thought of doing X.

     ♦ [Мандельштам] не мог отделить мою судьбу от своей... Мою любовь к живописи... он сразу забрал себе и так же решил поступить с Шекспиром. Ведь любить врозь означает отделиться друг от друга - это было ему не под силу (Мандельштам 2).... Не [Mandelstam] could make no distinction between my life and his own....He had immediately taken over my love of painting...and decided on the same policy with regard to Shakespeare. Loving different things was the same as separating, and he just could not bear the thought (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не по силам
11 не под силу

• НЕ ПОД СИЛУ кому

[PrepP; Invar; subj-compl with copula (subj: abstr or infin); used without negation to convey the opposite meaning]

=====

1. Also: НЕ ПО СИЛАМ [occas. used as nonagreeing postmodif]

⇒ sth. is beyond the limits of s.o.'s physical strength or beyond his abilities, competence etc:

- X Y-у не под силу≈ X is beyond Y's power (strength, capacity (to understand), reach);

- X is not in (within) Y's power;

- X is more than Y can do (deliver, handle);

- Y doesn't have what it takes (to do X);

- X is too much for Y;

- Y lacks the strength (the ability) (to do X);

- [in limited contexts] Y is not competent at X;

|| X Y-y под силу≈ Y has the strength (the ability, the power) to do X;

- Y can do (handle) X;

- Y has it in him (has what it takes) to do X;

- [in limited contexts] Y is competent at X;

- X is within Y's means.

     ♦ "До сих пор я не понимал себя, я задавал себе задачи, которые мне не по силам..." (Тургенев 2). "Up till now I did not understand myself, I set myself tasks beyond my capacity..." (2c).

     ♦ Сейчас, задним числом, я думаю, что у кагебешников даже и шанса не было не сдаться. Вопрос о моём отъезде был решён на каких-то верхах, им недоступных. И нарушить решение верхов им было не под силу (Войнович 1). Now, with hindsight, I think the KGB had no choice but to give in. The question of my leaving the country had been decided high up, on levels to which these men had no access. It was not in their power to violate such a decision (1a).

     ♦ На одно мгновение смысл существования опять открывался Ларе. Она тут, - постигала она, - для того, чтобы разобраться в сумасшедшей прелести земли и все назвать по имени, а если это будет ей не по силам, то из любви к жизни родить себе преемников, которые это сделают вместо неё (Пастернак 1). For a moment she [Lara] rediscovered the purpose of her life. She was on earth to grasp the meaning of its wild enchantment and to call each thing by its right name, or, if this were not within her power, to give birth out of love for life to successors who would do it in her place (1a).

     ♦...Иногда в голове возникают изумительные проекты, но чувствуешь, что тебе не под силу протолкнуть их через соответствующие учреждения (Искандер 4). Sometimes an amazing scheme will come to you, but you are aware that you don't have what it takes to push it through the appropriate channels (4a).

     ♦...[ Я] взвалил его [баллон] на плечо... Пройдя первые десять ступенек, я понял, что слишком много взял на себя. Лет пять назад я мог пройти с таким баллоном втрое больше, теперь это было мне не под силу (Войнович 5)....I hefted the cylinder up on my shoulder....After the first ten steps I realized that I'd bitten off more than I could chew. Five years ago I could have carried a cylinder like that three times as far, but now it was too much for me (5a).

     ♦ Путь Хлебникова был для меня запретен. Да и кому, кроме него, оказался бы он под силу? (Лившиц 1). For me the path chosen by Khlebnikov was a forbidden one. And who, apart from him, would have found the strength to pursue it? (1a).

     ♦ "Давайте найдём себе дело по силам. К примеру, преферанс" (Распутин 1). "Let's turn to something we're more competent at - a game of preference, for instance" (1a).

     ♦ "Вопрос обсуждаемого романа - чего стоит человеку социализм и под силу ли цена?" (Солженицын 2). "The question in the novel we are discussing is: What does socialism cost, and is the price within our means?" (2a).

2. sth. is very difficult or impossible for s.o. to do (because he lacks decisiveness, does not dare to, cannot overcome his sluggishness etc):

- X Y-y не под силу≈ Y just can't (get himself to <make himself etc >) do X;

- Y is incapable of doing X;

- there is no way Y can do X;

- [in limited contexts] Y can't bear the thought of doing X.

     ♦ [Мандельштам] не мог отделить мою судьбу от своей... Мою любовь к живописи... он сразу забрал себе и так же решил поступить с Шекспиром. Ведь любить врозь означает отделиться друг от друга - это было ему не под силу (Мандельштам 2).... Не [Mandelstam] could make no distinction between my life and his own....He had immediately taken over my love of painting...and decided on the same policy with regard to Shakespeare. Loving different things was the same as separating, and he just could not bear the thought (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не под силу
12 компетенція

ж

competence; jurisdiction; purview

це поза моєю компетенцією — this is out of my sphere ( line), this is beyond my scope (юр. cognizance), it is outside my competence

бути поза компетенцією — to be off beat, be out of beat

компетенція виконавчої влади — executive discretion

компетенція парламенту — parliamentary power

компетенція представницького органу — representative capacity

Українсько-англійський словник > компетенція
13 capacidad

f.

1 capacity (cabida).

con capacidad para quinientas personas with a capacity of five hundred

este teatro tiene capacidad para mil doscientos espectadores this theater can seat one thousand two hundred people

capacidad máxima maximum load (en ascensor)

capacidad de memoria (computing) memory capacity

2 ability (aptitud, talento, potencial).

no tener capacidad para algo/para hacer algo to be no good at something/at doing something

capacidad adquisitiva purchasing power

capacidad de concentración ability to concentrate

capacidad ofensiva fire power

3 throughput.

* * *

capacidad

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) capacity

■ hay capacidad para cinco personas there's room for five people

■ el teatro tiene capacidad para acoger a doscientas personas the theatre has a seating capacity of two hundred

■ una botella con dos litros de capacidad a two-litre bottle

2 figurado (habilidad) capability, ability

■ tiene gran capacidad para las matemáticas she has a talent for mathematics

■ es una persona de mucha capacidad she's a very intelligent person

* * *

noun f.

1) capacity

2) ability, capability

* * *

SF

1) [de vehículo, teatro, depósito] capacity

una sala con capacidad para 900 personas — a hall with a capacity of 900 people

un disquete con capacidad de 1.44 MB — a diskette with a capacity of 1.44 MB

capacidad: 40 viajeros sentados — seating capacity: 40

un avión con capacidad para 155 pasajeros — a 155-seater aircraft, an aircraft that can carry 155 passengers

capacidad de almacenamiento — storage capacity

capacidad de carga — carrying capacity, freight capacity

capacidad útil — effective capacity
medida 1)
2) (=habilidad) ability

necesitamos una persona con capacidad para afrontar desafíos — we require a person with the ability to face challenges

esas bacterias tienen una mayor capacidad de reproducción — those bacteria have a greater capacity for reproduction

su capacidad para manejar el balón era asombrosa — his ball skills were amazing

no tiene capacidad para los negocios — he has no business sense o business acumen

capacidad adquisitiva — (Com) purchasing power, buying power

capacidad de aprendizaje — learning ability

capacidad de convocatoria — [de orador] pulling power; [de huelga, manifestación] appeal, popular appeal

capacidad de decisión — decision-making ability

capacidad de ganancia — (Com) earning power, earning capacity

capacidad de trabajo, tiene una enorme capacidad de trabajo — she can get through a tremendous amount of work, she has an enormous capacity for hard work

capacidad financiera — financial standing

capacidad física — physical capacity

capacidad intelectual — intellectual ability

capacidad mental — mental ability

3) (=autoridad) authority

no tenemos capacidad para modificar las decisiones del gobierno — we do not have the authority to alter government decisions

4) (Jur) capacity

capacidad civil — civil capacity

capacidad legal — legal capacity

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( competencia) ability

una persona de gran capacidad — a person of great ability

b) ( potencial) capacity

capacidad de algo — capacity for something

su gran capacidad de trabajo — her great capacity for work

capacidad de or para + inf — ability o capacity to + inf

su capacidad de entender — her ability to understand

están en capacidad de despachar más pasajeros — (Col) they have the capacity to handle more passengers

c) (Der) capacity

- capacidad adquisitiva

- capacidad de pago

- capacidad física

2) ( cupo) capacity

la capacidad del depósito es de unos 40 litros — the tank has a capacity of o holds about 40 liters

el teatro tiene capacidad para 8000 personas — the theatre has a capacity of o holds 8000 people

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( competencia) ability

una persona de gran capacidad — a person of great ability

b) ( potencial) capacity

capacidad de algo — capacity for something

su gran capacidad de trabajo — her great capacity for work

capacidad de or para + inf — ability o capacity to + inf

su capacidad de entender — her ability to understand

están en capacidad de despachar más pasajeros — (Col) they have the capacity to handle more passengers

c) (Der) capacity

- capacidad adquisitiva

- capacidad de pago

- capacidad física

2) ( cupo) capacity

la capacidad del depósito es de unos 40 litros — the tank has a capacity of o holds about 40 liters

el teatro tiene capacidad para 8000 personas — the theatre has a capacity of o holds 8000 people

* * *

capacidad¹

¹ = ability, capability, competence, appetite, capacity, hat, aptitude, faculty.

Ex: The ability to search on word stems is particularly valuable where the text to be searched is in free-language format.

Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS may replace the typewriter and the catalog card but it cannot replace the decision-making capabilities of the library staff.

Ex: In order that you should be able to perform these required skills with greater competence, selected elements of the theory of subject indexing will be included.

Ex: Such machines will have enourmous appetites.

Ex: Older people have suffered some losses in sensory and physical capacity, and newer teaching techniques might intimidate them.

Ex: The city librarian has commonly been a general cultural consultant, often with more than one hat, with the curatorship of the museum and/or art gallery as additional offices.

Ex: In tracking, schools categorize according to measures of intelligence, achievement, or aptitude and then assign students to ability or interest-grouped classes = En la subdivisión de los alumnos en clases según su nivel académico, las escuelas agrupan a los alumnos de acuerdo con su nivel de inteligencia, habilidad o aptitud y luego los asignan a las clases según su capacidad o por sus intereses.

Ex: Sophia no sooner saw Blifil than she turned pale, and almost lost the use of all her faculties.

* actuar por encima de {Posesivo} capacidades = punch above + Posesivo + weight.

* capacidad académica = academic ability.

* capacidad analítica = analytical capacity.

* capacidad cognitiva = cognitive ability, cognitive capacity.

* capacidad comunicativa = speaking skills.

* capacidad crediticia = credit standing.

* capacidad crítica = critical skills, critical awareness, critical faculty.

* capacidad crítica de los programas televisivos = teleliteracy.

* capacidad de absorción = absorptive capacity, absorptive capability.

* capacidad de búsqueda = searching power.

* capacidad de comercialización = marketability.

* capacidad de comprensión = listening skills, understanding capacity.

* capacidad de discriminación = discriminating power.

* capacidad deductiva = heuristic power.

* capacidad de enganche = holding power.

* capacidad de escuchar = listening skills.

* capacidad de interpretar imágenes = visual literacy.

* capacidad de interpretar información estadística = graphic literacy, spatial literacy, statistical literacy.

* capacidad de leer = reading skills.

* capacidad de manejar la información = information handling.

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* capacidad de negociación = bargaining power.

* capacidad de procesamiento = throughput, processing power.

* capacidad de producción = throughput.

* capacidad de promoción = promotability.

* capacidad de razonamiento = thinking skills.

* capacidad de resolver problemas = problem-solving ability.

* capacidad de retención = holding power.

* capacidad de saber leer y escribir = literacy skills.

* capacidad económica = earning capacity, earning power.

* capacidades informáticas = computer skills.

* capacidad física = physical capability.

* capacidad informática = computing power.

* capacidad intelectual = intellectual ability.

* capacidad lingüística = language skill.

* capacidad mental = brainpower [brain power], mental capability.

* desarrollar la capacidad de = gain in + the ability to.

* desarrollar las capacidades = fulfil + potential.

* desarrollo de capacidades = capacity building.

* en + Posesivo + capacidad como = in + Posesivo + capacity as.

* no actuando en capacidad de autor = non-authorial.

* persona que rinde por debajo de su capacidad = underachiever.

* sin capacidad de discernimiento = undiscriminating.

* tener la capacidad de = have + the potential (to/for).

capacidad²

² = capacity, headroom.

Nota: Literalmente, espacio sobre la cabeza y de ahí el significado de "espacio para crecer".

Ex: Marginal storage cards normally have capacity for storing citations and abstracts.

Ex: I was also encouraged to read a subscriber to this list has over 40,000 items meaning this software has plenty of headroom = También me sentí animado al leer que un miembro de esta lista tiene más de 40.000 registros lo que significa que este software tiene bastante capacidad.

* alcanzar el límite de + Posesivo + capacidad = stretch + Nombre + beyond the breaking point, stretch + Nombre + to breaking point, stretch + Nombre + to the limit.

* capacidad de almacenamiento = storage capacity.

* capacidad excesiva = overcapacity [over-capacity].

* capacidad para libros = book capacity.

* con gran capacidad = capacious.

* de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.

* de mucha capacidad = capacious.

* funcionar a plena capacidad = be fully into + Posesivo + stride.

* llegar al límite de + Posesivo + capacidad = stretch + Nombre + beyond the breaking point, stretch + Nombre + to breaking point, stretch + Nombre + to the limit.

* * *

capacidad

feminine

A

1 (competencia) ability

nadie pone en duda su capacidad no one doubts his ability o capability

una persona de gran capacidad a person of great ability, a very able o capable person

2 (potencial) capacity capacidad DE algo:

su capacidad de comunicación their ability to communicate

capacidad DE or PARA + INF capacity o ability to + INF

la capacidad de grabar durante 24 horas seguidas the ability o capacity to record non-stop for 24 hours

están en capacidad de despachar más pasajeros ( Col); they have the capacity to handle more passengers

3 ( Der) capacity

capacidad civil/legal civil/legal capacity

Compuestos:

● capacidad adquisitiva

purchasing power

● capacidad crediticia or de crédito

creditworthiness

● capacidad de endeudamiento

borrowing capacity

● capacidad de fuego

firepower

● capacidad de pago

creditworthiness

● capacidad de producción

production capacity

● capacidad física

physical capacity

● capacidad mental

mental capacity

● capacidad productiva

production capacity

B [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (cupo) capacity

la capacidad del depósito es de unos 40 litros the tank has a capacity of o holds about 40 liters

Compuesto:

capacidad de carga

freight o cargo capacity

* * *

capacidad sustantivo femenino
1
a) ( competencia) ability

b) ( potencial) capacity;

◊ su gran capacidad de trabajo her great capacity for work;

capacidad de or para hacer algo ability o capacity to do sth
c) (Der) capacity

2 ( cupo) capacity
capacidad sustantivo femenino
1 (disposición) capacity, ability
2 (de un local, armario, etc) capacity: este cine tiene capacidad para mil personas, this cinema can hold up to one thousand people
' capacidad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aguante
- cabida
- competencia
- don
- dote
- error
- expresar
- facultad
- genio
- habla
- hablarse
- incapaz
- mayor
- palabra
- poder
- raciocinio
- saber
- sentida
- sentido
- servir
- solvencia
- talento
- techo
- ver
- virtud
- visión
- volumen
- arroba
- comprensión
- criterio
- cupo
- entendimiento
- incapacidad
- observación
- potencial
- sobrepasar
- triplicar
English:
ability
- accommodate
- admire
- aptitude
- attention span
- attest
- capacity
- carload
- cast
- endurance
- idle
- judgement
- judgment
- manufacturing capacity
- moot
- movement
- power
- qualification
- truckload
- uncanny
- underrated
- volume
- capability
- hold
- justice
- resilience
- resilient
- seat
- stretch
- take
- three-quarters

* * *

capacidad nf

1. [cabida] capacity;

unidades de capacidad units of capacity;

capacidad máxima [en ascensor] maximum load;

con capacidad para 500 personas with a capacity of 500;

este teatro tiene capacidad para 1.200 espectadores this theatre can seat 1,200 people

Comp
Informát capacidad de almacenamiento storage capacity;
capacidad de carga cargo capacity;

capacidad eléctrica [de condensador] capacitance;
Informát capacidad de memoria memory capacity;
capacidad pulmonar lung capacity

2. [aptitud, talento, potencial] ability;

no tener capacidad para algo/para hacer algo to be no good at sth/at doing sth

Comp
capacidad adquisitiva purchasing power;
capacidad de aprendizaje ability to learn;

capacidad de concentración ability to concentrate;
Fin capacidad de endeudamiento borrowing capacity o power;
capacidad de fabricación manufacturing capacity;

capacidad de gestión managerial skills;

capacidad ofensiva fire power;

capacidad de producción production capacity;

capacidad de reacción ability to react o respond;

capacidad de respuesta ability to react o respond

3. Der capacity

* * *

capacidad

f

1 capacity;

medida de capacidad cubic measure

2 ( aptitud) competence

* * *

capacidad nf

1) : capacity

2) : capability, ability

* * *

capacidad n

1. (en general) capacity

tiene una gran capacidad de trabajo he has a great capacity for work

el ferry tiene una capacidad para 800 pasajeros the ferry has a capacity of 800 passengers / the ferry can carry 800 passengers

la botella tiene capacidad para dos litros the bottle holds two litres

2. (aptitud) ability

tiene capacidad para la música she has a talent for music

capacidad mental mental ability

Spanish-English dictionary > capacidad
14 сила

1. strength, force

(мощ) power, might

(степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence

(енергия) energy, vigour, stamina

(насилие) force, violence

сила на вятъра strength of the wind

сила на светлината/на електрически ток intensity of light/of an electric current

сила на притеглянето физ. attraction

сила на сцеплението физ. cohesion

сила на съпротивлението физ. resistance

сила на тежестта физ. gravity

гравитационна сила attraction of gravity

сила на глас carrying power of a voice

сила на звук volume/intensity of a sound

сила на удар shock of a blow

сила на експлозия force/shock of an explosion

сила на мускулите muscular strength

сила на болест virulence of a disease

силата на слънцето the power of the sun

физическа сила physical force, bodily strength

конска сила horse power (съкр. h. p.)

двигателна/електродвижеща/ударна сила rootive/electromotive/striking power

силата на младостта the vigour of youth

сила на волята will-power, strength of will

сила на духа strength of mind, fortitude

силата на паметта the tenacity of memory

силата на примера the power of example

жизнена сила vigour, vitality

вътрешна сила inner power

вътрешни сили internal resources

скрита сила hidden strength

скрити сили hidden forces, latent powers

груба сила brute force

употреба на сила use of force

със сила by main force, ( насилствено) forcibly, through violence

с все/всичка сила, с всички сили violently; with all o.'s might, with might and main; for all one is worth

разг. with tooth and nail

(за звук) full blast

викам с все сила cry at the top of o.'s voice

политика от позиция на сила a-position-of-strength policy

послужвам си със сила use force, take violent action

давам сила на lend force/strength to

защитни сили на организма staying powers, forces/powers of resistance

творчески сили creative powers

тъмни сили dark/sinister forces

със собствени сили by o.'s own efforts

според силите си, доколкото ми стигат силите as much as one is able, according to o.'s powers, to the best of o.'s power/ability, to the utmost of o.'s capacity; as far as o.'s powers go, to the extent of o.'s powers

правя всичко, което ми е по силите do everything within o.'s power

напълно по силите на well within the reach of

не но силите на beyond the powers of; too much for

това не ми е по силите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for me

разг. this beats me

(не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scope

нямам вече сили, не са ми оставали сили, на края на силите си съм have no strength left, разг. be at the end of o.'s tether

нямам сили да be too weak to

не ми останаха сили разг. I am quite knocked up

губя сили lose strength, grow weaker, break up

силите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving way

намирам сили в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to)

не мога да намеря сили да I can't bring myself to

напрягам всички сили strain every muscle

хабя силите си spend/waste o.'s strength, dissipate o.'s energy/energies

поглъщам всичките сили на някого absorb all o.'s energies

изчерпвам силите на exhaust the power/strength of

възстановявам силите си restore o.'s forces/energies, recover o.'s strength

събирам сили work up/gather/muster strength

пазя силите си keep o.'s strength

пестя силите си save o.'s energies

черпя сили от draw o.'s strength from

с последни сили by a last effort

напрягам силите си, работя свръх силите си strain o.s

* * *

сѝла,

ж., -и 1. strength, force; forcefulness; ( мощ) power, might; ( степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence; ( енергия) energy, vigour, stamina; ( насилие) force, violence; бягам/тътря с все \силаа run/set off at full pelt; викам с все \силаа cry at the top of o.’s voice; възстановявам \силаите си restore o.’s forces/energies, recover o.’s strength; вътрешни \силаи internal resources; гравитационна \силаа физ. attraction of gravity; груба \силаа brute force; губя \силаи lose strength, grow weaker, break up; двигателна/електродвижеща/ударна \силаа motive/electromotive/striking power; жизнена \силаа vigour, vitality; защитни \силаи на организма staying power, forces/powers of resistance; изчерпвам \силаите на exhaust the power/strength of; конска \силаа horse power, съкр. h.p.; намирам \силаи в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to); напрягам всички \силаи да strain every muscle; напрягам \силаите си, работя свръх \силаите си strain o.s. (to the utmost), overtax o.s.; напълно по \силаите на well within the reach of; не ми останаха \силаи разг. I am quite knocked up; не мога да намеря \силаи да I can’t bring myself to; нямам \силаи да be too weak to; пазя \силаите си keep o.’s strength; пестя \силаите си save o.’s energies; политика от позиция на \силаата a-position-of-strength policy; правя всичко, което е по \силаите ми do everything within o.’s power; с все/всичка \силаа, с всички \силаи violently; with all o.’s might, with might and main; for all one is worth; разг. with tooth and nail, flat out; (за звук) full blast; с последни \силаи by a last effort; \силаа на болест virulence of a disease; \силаа на волята will-power, strength of will; \силаа на вятъра strength of the wind; \силаа на глас carrying power of a voice; \силаа на духа strength of mind, fortitude; \силаа на експлозия force/shock of an explosion; \силаа на звук volume/intensity of a sound; \силаа на мускулите muscular strength; \силаа на притеглянето физ. attraction; \силаа на светлината/на електрическия ток intensity of light/of an electric current; \силаа на сцеплението физ. cohesion; \силаа на съпротивлението физ. resistance; \силаа на тежестта физ. gravity; \силаа на удар shock of a blow; \силаата на паметта the tenacity of memory; \силаата на слънцето the power of the sun; \силаите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving way; скрити \силаи hidden forces, latent powers; според \силаите си, доколкото ми стигат \силаите as much as one is able, according to o.’s powers, to the best of o.’s power/ability, to the utmost of o.’s capacity; as far as o.’s powers go, to the extent of o.’s power; събирам \силаи work up/gather/muster strength; със \силаа by main force, ( насилствено) forcibly, through violence; със собствени \силаи by o.’s own efforts; това не ми е по \силаите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for me; разг. this beats me; I can’t hack this; (не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scope; тъмни \силаи dark/sinister forces; употреба на \силаа use of force; физическа \силаа physical force, bodily strength; разг. beef; elbow-grease; хабя \силаите си spend/waste o.’s strength, dissipate o.’s energy/energies; черпя \силаи от draw o.’s strength from;

2. юр. effect; force; validity; в \силаа съм (за закон и пр.) hold; be valid; be in force; влизам в \силаа come into force/effect, become effective/operative, take effect; законът е в \силаа от днес the law is effective from today; заповедта е в \силаа the order stands; нямам законна \силаа be null and void; оставам в \силаа remain valid, continue in force; по \силаата на закона on the strength of the law, under the law; по \силаата на съдебно решение/споразумение under a court order/an agreement; със законна \силаа legally binding;

3. ( изтъкнат деец, талант) talent; млади \силаи young/new talent, young energies, new blood;

4. само мн. ( група с влияние) forces; враждебни \силаи hostile powers; разпределение на \силаи alignment of forces; революционни/демократически \силаи revolutionary/democratic forces;

5. само мн. воен. forces; военновъздушни \силаи air-force, ( английски) Royal Air Force, съкр. RAF; въоръжени \силаи armed forces; главните \силаи the main body; морски/сухопътни \силаи naval/land forces; превъзхождащи \силаи superior force(s); сухопътни, морски и въздушни \силаи the fighting forces; съсредоточаване на \силаи build-up; • в \силаата си at o.’s height, (за човек и пр.) in o.’s prime; Великите \силаи истор., полит. the great powers; договарящи се \силаи contracting powers; по \силаата на by/in virtue of, on the strength of; по \силаата на обстоятелствата owing to the force of circumstances, by force of circumstances; по \силаата на това on that ground; according; by implication; производителни \силаи productive forces; работна \силаа икон. labour.

* * *

force: use сила against - използвам сила срещу, democratic силаs - демократични сили, air-сила - военновъздушни сили; strength: He found the сила to overcome the pain. - Той намери сили да преодолее болката., You need a vacation to recover your сила. - Трябва да отидеш на почивка, за да възстановиш силите си., draw сила from - черпя сили от; power: horse сила - конска сила, She obtains inner сила.- Тя притежава вътрешна сила., staying силаs - защитни сили, electric сила - електрическа сила; might (мощ); (степен на сила): intensity; violence; vehemence; manitou (природна); acuteness; effect (юр.); energy: He works with inexhaustible сила. - Той работи с неизчерпаема сила.; impetus; medium; mightiness; muscle (мускулна); pith; potency; stringency (на довод); verve; vigour; vim (разг.); virility; virtue: by сила of the circumstances - по силата на обстоятелствата; volume (на звук)

* * *
1. (енергия) energy, vigour, stamina 2. (за звук) full blast 3. (мощ) power, might 4. (насилие) force, violence 5. (не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scope 6. (степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence 7. strength, force 8. СИЛА на болест virulence of a disease 9. СИЛА на волята will-power, strength of will 10. СИЛА на вятъра strength of the wind 11. СИЛА на глас carrying power of a voice 12. СИЛА на духа strength of mind, fortitude 13. СИЛА на експлозия force/shock of an explosion 14. СИЛА на звук volume/intensity of a sound 15. СИЛА на мускулите muscular strength 16. СИЛА на притеглянето физ. attraction 17. СИЛА на светлината/ на електрически ток intensity of light/of an electric current 18. СИЛА на сцеплението физ. cohesion 19. СИЛА на съпротивлението физ. resistance 20. СИЛА на тежестта физ. gravity 21. СИЛА на удар shock of a blow 22. СИЛАта на младостта the vigour of youth 23. СИЛАта на паметта the tenacity of memory 24. СИЛАта на примера the power of example 25. СИЛАта на слънцето the power of the sun 26. викам с все СИЛА cry at the top of o.'s voice 27. възстановявам силите си restore o.'s forces/energies, recover o.'s strength 28. вътрешна СИЛА inner power 29. вътрешни сили internal resources 30. гравитационна СИЛА attraction of gravity 31. грубаСИЛА brute force 32. губя сили lose strength, grow weaker, break up 33. давамСИЛА на lend force/strength to 34. двигателна/електродвижеща/ ударна СИЛА rootive/elеctromotive/striking power 35. жизнена СИЛА vigour, vitality 36. защитни сили на организма staying powers, forces/powers of resistance 37. изчерпвам силите на exhaust the power/strength of 38. конска СИЛА horse power (съкр. h. p.) 39. намирам сили в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to) 40. напрягам всички сили strain every muscle 41. напрягам силите си, работя свръх силите си strain o.s. 42. напълно по силите на well within the reach of 43. не ми останаха сили разг. I am quite knocked up 44. не мога да намеря сили да I can't bring myself to 45. не но силите на beyond the powers of;too much for 46. нямам вече сили, не са ми оставали сили, на края на силите си съм have no strength left, разг. be at the end of o.'s tether 47. нямам сили да be too weak to 48. пазя силите си keep o.'s strength 49. пестя силите си save o.'s energies 50. поглъщам всичките сили на някого absorb all o.'s energies 51. политика от позиция на СИЛА a-position-of-strength policy 52. послужвам си със СИЛА use force, take violent action 53. правя всичко, което ми е по силите do everything within o.'s power 54. разг. this beats me 55. разг. with tooth and nail 56. с все/всичка СИЛА, с всички сили violently;with all o.'s might, with might and main;for all one is worth 57. с последни сили by a last effort 58. силите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving way 59. скрита СИЛА hidden strength 60. скрити сили hidden forces, latent powers 61. според силите си, доколкото ми стигат силите as much as one is able, according to o.'s powers, to the best of o.'s power/ability, to the utmost of o.'s capacity;as far as o.'s powers go, to the extent of o.'s powers 62. събирам сили work up/gather/ muster strength 63. със СИЛА by main force, (насилствено) forcibly, through violence 64. със собствени сили by о.'s own efforts 65. творчески сили creative powers 66. това не ми е по силите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for me 67. тъмни сили dark/sinister forces 68. употреба на СИЛА use of force 69. физическа СИЛА physical force, bodily strength 70. хабя силите си spend/waste o.'s strength, dissipate o.'s energy/energies 71. черпя сили от draw o.'s strength from

Български-английски речник > сила
15 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
16 bearing

̈ɪˈbɛərɪŋ I
1. сущ.
1) ношение
2) поведение, манера вести себя;
осанка, выправка dignified bearing ≈ достойное поведение military bearing ≈ военная осанка regal, royal bearing ≈ манера держать себя по-королевски Syn: carriage, deportment, behaviour, demeanour
3) геральдика девиз
4) терпение, выдержка, способность переносить (испытание, боль и т. п.) to be insolent beyond bearing ≈ быть невыносимо наглым beyond all bearing past all bearing Syn: endurance, sustaining, supporting
5) опора;
поддерживающая поверхность;
точка опоры A greater number of bearings is required to prevent the mirror from becoming strained by its own weight. ≈ Необходимо большое число опор, чтобы не дать зеркалу деформироваться под влиянием собственного веса.
6) давление, нажим Syn: pressure, thrust
7) а) отношение, аспект the legal bearings of the case ≈ юридические аспекты дела The subject was thoroughly examined in all its bearings. ≈ Вопрос был тщательно рассмотрен со всех точек зрения. Syn: relation, connection, aspect б) значение, смысл the precise bearing of the word ≈ точное значение слова Syn: purport
1.
8) подшипник roller bearing
9) направление;
азимут, пеленг, румб;
мн. месторасположение Long wave pulse transmitter.. to enable bearings on the aircraft to be obtained on the ground. ≈ Длинноволновый радиопередатчик, позволяющий с земли определить местонахождение самолета. lose bearings take bearings
10) рождение, произведение на свет
11) а) плодоношение Syn: yielding б) плоды, урожай Syn: crop
1., fruit
1.
2. прил.
1) несущий и т. п.;
см. значения глагола bear II
2) а) рожающий, рождающий б) плодоносящий;
плодородный soils of a good bearing quality ≈ очень плодородная земля Although it was not a 'bearing year', the exhibition was very fine. ≈ Хотя этот год не был 'плодородным', выставка оказалась великолепной. Syn: fertile, productive II прил.;
бирж. играющий на понижение
ношение - the * of arms is forbidden ношение оружия запрещено рождение, произведение на свет плодоношение;
стадия или способность плодоношения - to keep trees in * ухаживать за деревьями, чтобы они приносили плоды плоды, урожай - rich mellow *s (образное) обильный урожай плодов поведение, манера держаться - they loved her for her kindly * ее любили за доброту /за приятное обхождение/ осанка, выправка - proud * гордая осанка - the * of a soldier военная выправка терпение;
выдержка - past *, beyond all * нестерпимо - there is no * him он невыносим отношение, аспект, сторона;
подход - to consider a matter in all its *s рассмотреть что-л. со всех сторон - the legal *s of a case юридическая сторона дела - to have no * on the subject не иметь отношения к делу /к теме/ - his foolish question has no * on the problem его глупый вопрос не по делу часто pl (специальное) направление, ориентация;
курс или направление по компасу, азимут, пеленГ6 румб - * error ошибка пеленга - radio * радиопеленг - magnetic * магнитный азимут /пеленг/;
направление магнитной стрелки - compass * компасный азимут, компасный пеленг;
направление по компасу - *s of smth. месторасположение чего-л. - to take one's *s определять свое положение, ориентироваться - to lose one's *s заблудиться, потерять ориентацию - to be out of * растеряться, запутаться( морское) местоположение корабля подшипник опора, точка опоры, опорная поверхность( горное) простирание( пласта или рудного тела) (геральдика) фигура( на гербе) > to bring smb. to his *s поставить кого-л. на место;
сбить с кого-л. спесь несущий (специальное) несущий, опорный - * cable несущий канат - * block опорная подушка - * capacity допустимая нагрузка, грузоподъемность;
подъемная способность (дрожжей) - * value см. * cvapacity - * picket( военное) артиллерийская опорная точка;
геодезическая веха производящий на свет;
рождающий;
плодоносящий

armorial ~ геральдическая фигура

bearing pres. p. от bear ~ девиз (на гербе) ~ значение;
the precise bearing of the word точное значение слова ~ несущий ~ ношение ~ тех. опора;
точка опоры ~ отношение;
to consider a question in all its bearings рассматривать вопрос со всех сторон;
this has no bearing on the question это не имеет никакого отношения к делу, вопросу ~ pl мор., ав., воен. пеленг, румб;
азимут;
to lose one's bearings потерять ориентировку;
заблудиться;
перен. растеряться;
to take one's bearings ориентироваться, определять положение ~ плодоношение ~ поведение;
осанка;
манера держать себя ~ тех. подшипник;
roller bearing роликовый подшипник ~ рождающий, порождающий;
bearing finder пеленгатор;
bearing capacity грузоподъемность;
допустимая нагрузка ~ рождение, произведение на свет ~ терпение;
beyond (или past) all bearing нестерпимый;
нестерпимо

~ рождающий, порождающий;
bearing finder пеленгатор;
bearing capacity грузоподъемность;
допустимая нагрузка capacity: bearing ~ несущая способность

~ рождающий, порождающий;
bearing finder пеленгатор;
bearing capacity грузоподъемность;
допустимая нагрузка

~ терпение;
beyond (или past) all bearing нестерпимый;
нестерпимо

~ отношение;
to consider a question in all its bearings рассматривать вопрос со всех сторон;
this has no bearing on the question это не имеет никакого отношения к делу, вопросу

~ pl мор., ав., воен. пеленг, румб;
азимут;
to lose one's bearings потерять ориентировку;
заблудиться;
перен. растеряться;
to take one's bearings ориентироваться, определять положение

noninterest ~ беспроцентный

~ значение;
the precise bearing of the word точное значение слова

~ тех. подшипник;
roller bearing роликовый подшипник roller: ~ attr. тех. роликовый;
вальцовый;
roller bearing роликовый подшипник

~ pl мор., ав., воен. пеленг, румб;
азимут;
to lose one's bearings потерять ориентировку;
заблудиться;
перен. растеряться;
to take one's bearings ориентироваться, определять положение

~ отношение;
to consider a question in all its bearings рассматривать вопрос со всех сторон;
this has no bearing on the question это не имеет никакого отношения к делу, вопросу

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bearing
17 increíble

adj.

incredible, unbelievable, beyond belief.

intj.

unbelievable, no shit, forsooth.

* * *

increíble

► adjetivo

1 incredible, unbelievable

* * *

adj.

incredible, unbelievable

* * *

ADJ incredible, unbelievable

es increíble que... — it is incredible o unbelievable that...

* * *

adjetivo incredible, unbelievable

* * *

= extraordinary, fantastic, incredible, terrific, unbelievable, fantastical, astonishing, beyond belief, out of this world, marvel.

Ex. Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.

Ex. GODORT has done a fantastic job of dealing with and solving documents problems.

Ex. I could tell you many things about Cutter that you probably would find incredible.

Ex. However, fiction -- from a public library standpoint, but not from a research or academic standpoint -- is a terrific example of undercataloging.

Ex. The development of digital technology has hastened this process until the point where we are today: the capacity to produce unbelievable volumes of information.

Ex. Adorno's distinction between fantastical thought & the commodification of fantasy in the form of literature is addressed.

Ex. It asserts that the answer to the problems relating to the astonishing growth of great research libraries lies in large-scale interlibrary cooperation.

Ex. His conclusion is both beyond belief and in conflict with common sense.

Ex. I get a kick when I'm on my racing bike, and when I have my skates on it's out of this world.

Ex. It is a marvel to think that this is the place a few years back thought to be irretrievably gone to rack and ruin.

----

* aunque parezca increíble = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* parecer increíble = beggar + belief.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* ser increíble = beggar + belief.

* * *

adjetivo incredible, unbelievable

* * *

= extraordinary, fantastic, incredible, terrific, unbelievable, fantastical, astonishing, beyond belief, out of this world, marvel.

Ex: Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.

Ex: GODORT has done a fantastic job of dealing with and solving documents problems.

Ex: I could tell you many things about Cutter that you probably would find incredible.

Ex: However, fiction -- from a public library standpoint, but not from a research or academic standpoint -- is a terrific example of undercataloging.

Ex: The development of digital technology has hastened this process until the point where we are today: the capacity to produce unbelievable volumes of information.

Ex: Adorno's distinction between fantastical thought & the commodification of fantasy in the form of literature is addressed.

Ex: It asserts that the answer to the problems relating to the astonishing growth of great research libraries lies in large-scale interlibrary cooperation.

Ex: His conclusion is both beyond belief and in conflict with common sense.

Ex: I get a kick when I'm on my racing bike, and when I have my skates on it's out of this world.

Ex: It is a marvel to think that this is the place a few years back thought to be irretrievably gone to rack and ruin.

* aunque parezca increíble = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* parecer increíble = beggar + belief.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* ser increíble = beggar + belief.

* * *

increíble

adjective

‹historia› incredible, unbelievable

me pasó una cosa increíble ( fam); something incredible happened to me ( colloq)

* * *

increíble adjetivo
incredible, unbelievable
increíble adjetivo incredible, unbelievable: tuvimos una suerte increíble, we had an amazing piece of luck
familiar es un actor increíble, he's an exceptional actor
' increíble' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
novelesca
- novelesco
- pachorra
- alucinante
English:
amazing
- astonishing
- awesome
- belief
- beyond
- extraordinary
- incredible
- unbelievable
- astounding
- odds
- phenomenal
- terrific
- world

* * *

increíble adj

1. [inconcebible] unbelievable;

es increíble que pasen cosas así it's hard to believe that such things can happen;

me parece increíble que no te haya llamado I think it's unbelievable that she hasn't called you

2. [extraordinario] incredible;

hace un calor increíble it's incredibly hot;

tuvimos una suerte increíble we were incredibly lucky

* * *

increíble

adj incredible

* * *

increíble adj

: incredible, unbelievable

♦ increíblemente adv

* * *

increíble adj incredible / unbelievable

Spanish-English dictionary > increíble
18 título

m.

1 title, caption, headline, heading.

2 diploma, title, degree, qualification.

3 investment certificate, security.

4 titer.

* * *

título

► nombre masculino

1 (de obra) title

2 (de texto legal) heading

3 (dignidad) title

4 (persona noble) noble (person)

5 EDUCACIÓN (licenciatura) degree; (diploma) certificate, diploma

6 (documento) title

7 (titular de prensa) headline

8 (banca) bond, security

► nombre masculino plural títulos

1 (titulación) qualifications; (méritos) qualities

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a título de (en calidad de) as 2 (en concepto de) by way of

título de nobleza nobility title

título de propiedad deeds plural

* * *

noun m.

1) title

2) degree, qualification

3) diploma, certificate

4) bond

* * *

SM

1) [de libro, película] title; [en periódico] headline; (Jur) heading

2) [de campeón] title

3) (Educ) (=diploma) certificate; (=licenciatura) degree; (=calificación) qualification; Caribe (Aut) driving licence, driver's license (EEUU)

maestro sin título — unqualified teacher
pl títulos qualifications
tener los títulos para un puesto — to have the qualifications for a job

título universitario — university degree

4) (=dignidad) title; (=persona) titled person

casarse con un título — to marry into the nobility, marry a titled person

título de nobleza — title of nobility

5) (=cualidad) quality

no es precisamente un título de gloria para él — it is not exactly a quality on which he can pride himself

tiene varios títulos honrosos — he has several noble qualities, he has a number of worthy attributes

6) [en presupuesto] item

7)

a título de — (=a modo de) by way of; (=en calidad de) in the capacity of

a título de ejemplo,... — by way of example,..., for example,...

el dinero fue a título de préstamo — the money was by way of (being) a loan

a título de curiosidad — as a matter of interest

ya ha comenzado a funcionar a título experimental — it is already being used on an experimental basis

a título particular o personal — in a personal capacity, in an unofficial capacity

a título póstumo — posthumously

8) [de bienes] title

título de propiedad — title deed

9) (Econ) (=bono) bond

título al portador — bearer bond

título de renta fija — fixed interest security

título de renta variable — variable yield security

10) (=derecho) right

con justo título — rightly

tener título de hacer algo — to be entitled to do sth

* * *

masculino

1) (de libro, película) title, name; ( de capítulo) heading, title; ( de una ley) title

un poema que lleva por título... — a poem called o (frml) entitled...

- título de crédito

2) (Educ) degree; ( diploma) certificate

- título académico

- título universitario

3) (que refleja honor, mérito, etc) title

el título de campeón juvenil — the junior title

4) tb

título nobiliario — title

5) ( en locs)

a título: esto lo digo a título personal I'm speaking personally here; les daré algunas cifras a título orientativo I'll give you a few figures to put you in the picture o to give you an idea; a título de ( a manera de) by way of; ( en calidad de): asiste a título de observador he's here as an observer; lo recibió a título de préstamo he received it as a loan; ¿a título de qué me dices eso ahora? — (fam) what are you telling me that for now?

6) (Der) title, (Econ, Fin) security, bond

•

- título al portador

- título de crédito

- título de propiedad

* * *

= address, degree, title, title, certification, diploma.

Ex. Typically, the additions to the name will fall within the following categories: title of nobility, title of honour, address, date of birth, and date of death.

Ex. A respondent is a candidate for a degree who, in an academic disputation, defends or opposes a thesis proposed by the praeses (q.v.); also called the defendant.

Ex. The title of a work is a word, phrase, character, or group of characters, normally appearing in an item, naming the item or the work contained in it.

Ex. If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.

Ex. It is remarkable how, in an economy with diminishing job opportunities, librarians compensate for their inability to demonstrate the value of their skills by seeking the protection of educational and certification requirements.

Ex. The guidelines can be used as a tool for the recognition of LIS diplomas and degrees beyond a country's border.

----

* acceso a la información por el título = title approach.

* a partir de los títulos = title-based.

* área de título y de mención de responsabilidad = title and statement of responsibility area.

* asiento de título = title unit entry.

* asiento secundario de título = added title entry.

* asiento secundario por autor y título = author-title added entry, name-title added entry.

* asiento secundario por título = title added entry.

* a título de = by way of, for the sake of.

* a título gratuito = gratuitous.

* a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.

* bloque funcional de títulos relacionados = related title block.

* boletín de títulos = titles bulletin.

* buscar por autor y título = search by + name-title key.

* buscar por título = search by + title key.

* búsqueda de títulos = title search.

* búsqueda por autor = author/title search.

* búsqueda por palabra del título = title word search.

* cambiar el título = retitle.

* cambio de título = title change.

* catálogo de autores y títulos = author/title catalogue.

* catálogo de títulos = title catalogue.

* catálogo de títulos abreviados = short title catalogue.

* catálogo de títulos sin abreviar = long-title catalogue.

* ceremonia de entrega de títulos = graduation ceremony.

* clave de búsqueda por el título = title key.

* conceder un título = bestow + title.

* con el título = entitled.

* dar título = title.

* encabezamiento de título = title entry.

* encabezamientos de nombre y título = name-title headings.

* entrada por el título = title main entry.

* entrada por palabra clave del título = catchword entry.

* frase a modo de título = title-like phrase.

* ganar un título = win + title.

* índice de títulos = title index.

* índice invertido de las palabras del título = title word dictionary.

* índice KWIT (Palabra Clave del Título) = KWIT (Keyword-in-Title).

* índice permutado de títulos = permuted title index.

* índices de títulos al estilo de los índices de materia = subject-type title indexes.

* indización permutada de títulos = permuted title indexing.

* indización por palabras clave del título = catchword indexing, catchword title indexing.

* indización por palabras del título = title-term indexing.

* inferior al título = sub-degree [subdegree].

* lucha por el título = title race.

* mención de título = title statement.

* obtener un título = gain + a degree in.

* ordenación por títulos = title-based arrangement.

* otorgar el título de "sir" = elevate to + knighthood.

* otorgar un título = confer + degree, bestow + title.

* palabra del título = title word, title term.

* pantalla de títulos = title display.

* porcentaje de títulos servidos = title fill rate.

* poseer un título = hold + degree.

* presentación circular de títulos = wrap-around.

* referencia de autor y título = author-title reference, name-title reference.

* relacionado con la obtención de títulos = credential-granting.

* sin título = untitled.

* subtítulo y/o información complementaria sobre el título = other title information.

* título abreviado = catch-title, abbreviated title.

* título académico = professional degree, academic degree.

* título alternativo = alternative title.

* título buscado por el usuario = sought title.

* título clave = key title.

* título colectivo = collective title.

* título comercial = trade title.

* título común = common title.

* título de cabecera = caption title.

* título de cubierta = binder's title.

* título de doctor = doctor's degree, doctoral degree.

* título de la cubierta = cover title.

* título de la funda = sleeve title.

* título de la publicación periódica = serial title.

* título de la revista = journal title.

* título de la serie = series title.

* título de la signatura = docket title.

* título del capítulo = chapter heading.

* título del lomo = spine title.

* título del lomo descendente = descending spine title.

* título de lord = peerage.

* título de peluquero = hairdressing certificate.

* título de publicación periódica = periodical title.

* título de reconocimiento = honorary scroll.

* título facticio = supplied title.

* título honorífico = title of honour, honorific, honorific title.

* título honoris causa = honorary degree, honoris causa.

* título informativo = informative title.

* título nobiliario = title of nobility.

* título original = original title.

* título paralelo = parallel title.

* título por línea = title-a-line.

* título profesional = professional degree, professional qualification.

* título propiamente dicho = title proper.

* título provisional = working title.

* título repetido = running title.

* título superior = advanced degree.

* título uniforme = uniform title.

* título universitario = university degree.

* * *

masculino

1) (de libro, película) title, name; ( de capítulo) heading, title; ( de una ley) title

un poema que lleva por título... — a poem called o (frml) entitled...

- título de crédito

2) (Educ) degree; ( diploma) certificate

- título académico

- título universitario

3) (que refleja honor, mérito, etc) title

el título de campeón juvenil — the junior title

4) tb

título nobiliario — title

5) ( en locs)

a título: esto lo digo a título personal I'm speaking personally here; les daré algunas cifras a título orientativo I'll give you a few figures to put you in the picture o to give you an idea; a título de ( a manera de) by way of; ( en calidad de): asiste a título de observador he's here as an observer; lo recibió a título de préstamo he received it as a loan; ¿a título de qué me dices eso ahora? — (fam) what are you telling me that for now?

6) (Der) title, (Econ, Fin) security, bond

•

- título al portador

- título de crédito

- título de propiedad

* * *

= address, degree, title, title, certification, diploma.

Ex: Typically, the additions to the name will fall within the following categories: title of nobility, title of honour, address, date of birth, and date of death.

Ex: A respondent is a candidate for a degree who, in an academic disputation, defends or opposes a thesis proposed by the praeses (q.v.); also called the defendant.

Ex: The title of a work is a word, phrase, character, or group of characters, normally appearing in an item, naming the item or the work contained in it.

Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.

Ex: It is remarkable how, in an economy with diminishing job opportunities, librarians compensate for their inability to demonstrate the value of their skills by seeking the protection of educational and certification requirements.

Ex: The guidelines can be used as a tool for the recognition of LIS diplomas and degrees beyond a country's border.

* acceso a la información por el título = title approach.

* a partir de los títulos = title-based.

* área de título y de mención de responsabilidad = title and statement of responsibility area.

* asiento de título = title unit entry.

* asiento secundario de título = added title entry.

* asiento secundario por autor y título = author-title added entry, name-title added entry.

* asiento secundario por título = title added entry.

* a título de = by way of, for the sake of.

* a título gratuito = gratuitous.

* a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.

* bloque funcional de títulos relacionados = related title block.

* boletín de títulos = titles bulletin.

* buscar por autor y título = search by + name-title key.

* buscar por título = search by + title key.

* búsqueda de títulos = title search.

* búsqueda por autor = author/title search.

* búsqueda por palabra del título = title word search.

* cambiar el título = retitle.

* cambio de título = title change.

* catálogo de autores y títulos = author/title catalogue.

* catálogo de títulos = title catalogue.

* catálogo de títulos abreviados = short title catalogue.

* catálogo de títulos sin abreviar = long-title catalogue.

* ceremonia de entrega de títulos = graduation ceremony.

* clave de búsqueda por el título = title key.

* conceder un título = bestow + title.

* con el título = entitled.

* dar título = title.

* encabezamiento de título = title entry.

* encabezamientos de nombre y título = name-title headings.

* entrada por el título = title main entry.

* entrada por palabra clave del título = catchword entry.

* frase a modo de título = title-like phrase.

* ganar un título = win + title.

* índice de títulos = title index.

* índice invertido de las palabras del título = title word dictionary.

* índice KWIT (Palabra Clave del Título) = KWIT (Keyword-in-Title).

* índice permutado de títulos = permuted title index.

* índices de títulos al estilo de los índices de materia = subject-type title indexes.

* indización permutada de títulos = permuted title indexing.

* indización por palabras clave del título = catchword indexing, catchword title indexing.

* indización por palabras del título = title-term indexing.

* inferior al título = sub-degree [subdegree].

* lucha por el título = title race.

* mención de título = title statement.

* obtener un título = gain + a degree in.

* ordenación por títulos = title-based arrangement.

* otorgar el título de "sir" = elevate to + knighthood.

* otorgar un título = confer + degree, bestow + title.

* palabra del título = title word, title term.

* pantalla de títulos = title display.

* porcentaje de títulos servidos = title fill rate.

* poseer un título = hold + degree.

* presentación circular de títulos = wrap-around.

* referencia de autor y título = author-title reference, name-title reference.

* relacionado con la obtención de títulos = credential-granting.

* sin título = untitled.

* subtítulo y/o información complementaria sobre el título = other title information.

* título abreviado = catch-title, abbreviated title.

* título académico = professional degree, academic degree.

* título alternativo = alternative title.

* título buscado por el usuario = sought title.

* título clave = key title.

* título colectivo = collective title.

* título comercial = trade title.

* título común = common title.

* título de cabecera = caption title.

* título de cubierta = binder's title.

* título de doctor = doctor's degree, doctoral degree.

* título de la cubierta = cover title.

* título de la funda = sleeve title.

* título de la publicación periódica = serial title.

* título de la revista = journal title.

* título de la serie = series title.

* título de la signatura = docket title.

* título del capítulo = chapter heading.

* título del lomo = spine title.

* título del lomo descendente = descending spine title.

* título de lord = peerage.

* título de peluquero = hairdressing certificate.

* título de publicación periódica = periodical title.

* título de reconocimiento = honorary scroll.

* título facticio = supplied title.

* título honorífico = title of honour, honorific, honorific title.

* título honoris causa = honorary degree, honoris causa.

* título informativo = informative title.

* título nobiliario = title of nobility.

* título original = original title.

* título paralelo = parallel title.

* título por línea = title-a-line.

* título profesional = professional degree, professional qualification.

* título propiamente dicho = title proper.

* título provisional = working title.

* título repetido = running title.

* título superior = advanced degree.

* título uniforme = uniform title.

* título universitario = university degree.

* * *

título

masculine

A

1 (de un libro, una película) title, name; (de un capítulo) heading, title

2 (de una ley) title

Compuesto:

título de crédito

credits (pl)

B ( Educ) degree; (diploma) certificate

Compuestos:

● título académico

academic qualification

● título universitario

university degree, college degree ( AmE)

C (que refleja una dignidad, un mérito, etc) title

se ganó el título de Miss Mundo she won the Miss World title

D

tb título nobiliario title

E

(en locs): a título: esto lo digo a título personal, no en mi calidad de empleado de la empresa this is my personal view o I'm speaking personally here and not as an employee of the company

a título informativo, éstas son las fechas de las reuniones for your information, these are the dates of the meetings

a título anecdótico comentó que … by way of an anecdote he said that …

les daré algunas cifras a título orientativo I'll give you a few figures to put you in the picture o to give you an idea

a título de by way of

a título de introducción by way of introduction

en las tierras vivían a título de arrendatarias 352 familias 352 families lived on the land as tenants

¿a título de qué me dices eso ahora? ( fam); what are you telling me that for now?

F (de un bien) title

G ( Econ, Fin) security, bond

Compuestos:

● título al portador

bearer bond

● título de crédito

credit instrument

● título de propiedad

title deed, document of title

* * *

Del verbo titular: ( conjugate titular)

titulo es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

tituló es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
titular
título
titular 1 adjetivo ‹médico/profesor› permanent
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino (de pasaporte, cuenta, cargo) holder
■ sustantivo masculino
a) ( en periódico) headline

b) (Rad, TV) main story;

◊ los títuloes the main stories, the news headlines

titular 2 ( conjugate titular) verbo transitivo ‹ obra›:
◊ su novela titulada `Julia' his novel called o (frml) entitled `Julia'

titularse verbo pronominal
1 [obra/película] to be called, be entitled (frml)
2 (Educ) to graduate, get one's degree;
títulose EN/DE algo to graduate in/as sth
título sustantivo masculino
1 ( en general) title;
◊ un poema que lleva por título … a poem called o (frml) entitled …;

el título de campeón juvenil the junior title;
título nobiliario title;
a título de: a título de introducción by way of introduction;
asiste a título de observador he's attending as an observer
2 (Educ) degree;
( diploma) certificate;
◊ título académico academic qualification;

título universitario university degree, college degree (AmE)
título sustantivo masculino
1 (de una obra, una ley) title
2 Educ (cualificación) qualification
(universitario) degree
(documento impreso) degree certificate 3 título nobiliario, title
4 Cine títulos de crédito, credits
♦ Locuciones: a título de, by way of
a título de curiosidad, as a matter of interest
' título' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
concepto
- conquistar
- detentar
- ducado
- excelencia
- existente
- infante
- nobiliaria
- nobiliario
- ostentar
- poner
- subtítulo
- aspirante
- barón
- calificar
- capacitar
- ceder
- conseguir
- convalidar
- despojar
- dignidad
- diplomarse
- disputar
- el
- goce
- grado
- habilitar
- heredar
- llamar
- pasar
- poseedor
- poseer
- renunciar
- revalidar
- rótulo
- tratamiento
- usurpar
English:
approval
- defending champion
- degree
- esquire
- heading
- honourable
- knighthood
- lady
- liability
- qualification
- qualify
- rubric
- saint
- second
- share certificate
- sir
- title
- title track
- unqualified
- caption
- cost
- dame
- date
- debar
- defending
- elevate
- fellowship
- graduate
- knight
- QC
- right
- succeed
- untrained

* * *

título

♦ nm

1. [de obra, película] title

Comp
Cine títulos de crédito credits;
título de página running head, page title

2. [licenciatura] degree;
[diploma] diploma;
tiene muchos títulos she has a lot of qualifications

Comp
título académico academic degree;
títulos profesionales professional qualifications;

título universitario university degree

3. [de concurso, competición] title;

el título de la liga/de campeón the league/championship title

4. [de derecho, obligación] [documento] deed;

título de propiedad title deed

5. Fin security

Comp
título de acción Br share o US stock certificate;
título de deuda pública government bond;

títulos del Estado government stock;

títulos de renta fija fixed-income securities;

títulos no cotizados unlisted securities

6.
título (nobiliario o [m5] de nobleza) title

7. [derecho] title, right

♦ a título (de) loc prep

a título de amigo as a friend;

a título de ejemplo podemos destacar… by way of example we can point to…;

participar a título individual to take part on an individual basis;

lo digo a título individual I'm speaking purely for myself;

a título orientativo by way of guidance, for your guidance

* * *

título

m

1 nobiliario, de libro title

2 universitario degree;

tener muchos títulos be highly qualified

3 JUR title

4 COM bond

5

:

a título de introducción as an introduction, by way of introduction;

a título de representante as a representative

* * *

título nm

1) : title

2) : degree, qualification

3) : security, bond

4)

a título de : by way of, in the capacity of

* * *

título n

1. (nombre) title / name

¿cuál es el título de la película? what's the name of the film?

2. (premio) title

el Barça consiguió el título de liga Barça won the league title

3. (estudios) degree

ha obtenido el título de licenciado en biología he's got a degree in biology

4. (documento) certificate

tiene el título colgado en la pared his certificate is hanging on the wall

Spanish-English dictionary > título
19 measure

1. noun
1) Maß, das

weights and measures — Maße und Gewichte

for good measure — sicherheitshalber; (as an extra) zusätzlich

give short/full measure — (in public house) zu wenig/vorschriftsmäßig ausschenken

made to measure — pred. (Brit., lit. or fig.) maßgeschneidert

2) (degree) Menge, die

in some measure — in gewisser Hinsicht

a measure of freedom/responsibility — ein gewisses Maß an Freiheit/Verantwortung (Dat.)

3) (instrument or utensil for measuring) Maß, das; (for quantity also) Messglas, das; Messbecher, der; (for size also) Messstab, der; (fig.) Maßstab, der

it gave us some measure of the problems — das gab uns eine Vorstellung von den Problemen

beyond [all] measure — grenzenlos; über die od. alle Maßen adverb

4) (Mus.): (time) Takt, der

5) (step, law) Maßnahme, die; (Law): (bill) Gesetzesvorlage, die

take measures to stop/ensure something — Maßnahmen ergreifen od. treffen, um etwas zu unterbinden/sicherzustellen
2. transitive verb
1) messen [Größe, Menge usw.]; ausmessen [Raum]

measure somebody for a suit — [bei] jemandem Maß od. die Maße für einen Anzug nehmen

2) (fig.): (estimate) abschätzen

3) (mark off)

measure something [off] — etwas abmessen
3. intransitive verb
1) (have a given size) messen

2) (take measurement[s]) Maß nehmen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/89057/measure_out">measure out

- measure up to

* * *
['meʒə] 1. noun
1) (an instrument for finding the size, amount etc of something: a glass measure for liquids; a tape-measure.) das Meßgerät

2) (a unit: The metre is a measure of length.) das Maß

3) (a system of measuring: dry/liquid/square measure.) die Maßeinheit

4) (a plan of action or something done: We must take (= use, or put into action) certain measures to stop the increase in crime.) die Maßnahme

5) (a certain amount: a measure of sympathy.) ein gewisses Maß

6) ((in music) the musical notes contained between two bar lines.)
2. verb
1) (to find the size, amount etc of (something): He measured the table.) messen

2) (to show the size, amount etc of: A thermometer measures temperature.) messen

3) ((with against, besides etc) to judge in comparison with: She measured her skill in cooking against her friend's.) messen

4) (to be a certain size: This table measures two metres by one metre.) messen

•

- measurement
- beyond measure
- for good measure
- full measure
- made to measure
- measure out
- measure up
* * *

meas·ure

[ˈmeʒəʳ, AM -ɚ]

I. n

1. (unit) Maß nt, Maßeinheit f

a \measure of capacity ein Hohlmaß nt

a \measure of length ein Längenmaß nt

he poured himself a generous \measure of whiskey er schenkte sich einen großen Whisky ein

2. ( fig: degree) Maß nt, Grad m

there was a large \measure of agreement between us zwischen uns gab es ein hohes Maß an Übereinstimmung

there was some \measure of truth in what he said an dem, was er sagte, war etwas Wahres dran

in large \measure in hohem Maß, zum großen Teil

in some \measure gewissermaßen, in gewisser Beziehung

3. (measuring instrument) Messgerät nt; (ruler, yardstick) Messstab m; (container) Messbecher m, Messglas nt

4. (indicator) Maßstab m

examinations are not always the best \measure of students' progress Prüfungen sind nicht immer ein zuverlässiger Indikator für die Fortschritte der Schüler

to be a \measure of sb's popularity ein Maßstab für jds Popularität sein

5. usu pl (action) also LAW Maßnahme f

the \measures we have taken are designed to prevent such accidents occurring in future die Maßnahmen, die wir ergriffen haben, sollen solche Unfälle in Zukunft verhindern

\measures pl required Handlungsbedarf m

6. POL (bill) gesetzliche Maßnahme, Bestimmung f, Verfügung f

7. LIT (metre) Versmaß nt, Metrum nt

8. AM MUS (bar) Takt m

9. TYPO Satzbreite f

10.

▶ beyond \measure über die [o alle] Maßen

▶ there are no half \measures with me ich mache keine halben Sachen

▶ to get [or take] the \measure of sb/sth (assess) jdn/etw einschätzen [o kennenlernen]; (understand) jdn/etw verstehen

▶ for good \measure (in addition) zusätzlich, noch dazu; (to ensure success) sicherheitshalber

II. vt

1. (find out size)

▪ to \measure sth etw [ab]messen

to \measure sb for a dress/suit jds Maße für ein Kleid/einen Anzug nehmen

to \measure sth in centimetres/pounds etw in Zentimetern/Pfund messen

delays \measured by weeks are frustrating wochenlange Verspätungen sind frustrierend

to \measure sb's heart rate jds Puls messen

to \measure sb performance jds Leistung beurteilen

to \measure a room ein Zimmer ausmessen

2. (be certain size/quantity)

▪ to \measure sth etw betragen

3.

▶ to \measure one's length [on the ground] auf die Schnauze [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. aufs Maul] fallen sl

III. vi messen

the box \measures 10cm by 10cm by 12cm der Karton misst 10 mal 10 mal 12 cm

* * *
['meZə(r)]
1. n

1) (= unit of measurement) Maß(einheit f) nt

a measure of length — ein Längenmaß nt

to have sth made to measure — etw nach Maß anfertigen lassen

the furniture has been made to measure — die Möbel sind Maßarbeit

beyond measure —

her joy was beyond or knew no measure — ihre Freude kannte keine Grenzen

See:

→ weight

2) (= object for measuring) Maß nt; (graduated for length) Maßstab m; (graduated for volume) Messbecher m

3) (= amount measured) Menge f

a small measure of flour — ein wenig Mehl

or liter (US) — Wein wird in Vierteln ausgeschenkt

to give sb full/short measure (barman) — richtig/zu wenig ausschenken; (grocer) richtig/zu wenig abwiegen

in full measure — in höchstem Maße

for good measure — zur Sicherheit, sicherheitshalber

... and another one for good measure —... und noch eines obendrein

4) (fig: yardstick) Maßstab m (of für)

can we regard this exam as a measure of intelligence? — kann diese Prüfung als Intelligenzmaßstab gelten?

MacLeod's approval is the measure of a good whisky —

please consider this as a measure of my esteem for... — bitte betrachten Sie dies als Ausdruck meiner Anerkennung für...

it gave us some measure of the difficulty — es gab uns einen Begriff von der Schwierigkeit

it's a measure of his skill as a writer that... — seine schriftstellerischen Fähigkeiten lassen sich daran beurteilen, dass...

words cannot always give the measure of one's feelings — Worte können Gefühle nicht immer angemessen ausdrücken

5)

(= extent) in some measure — in gewisser Hinsicht or Beziehung

some measure of — ein gewisses Maß an

to a large measure, in large measure — in hohem Maße

to get the measure of sb/sth — jdn/etw (richtig) einschätzen

6) (= step) Maßnahme f

to take measures to do sth — Maßnahmen ergreifen, um etw zu tun

7) (POET) Versmaß nt

8) (US MUS) Takt m

9) (old: dance) Tanz m

to tread a measure with sb — mit jdm ein Tänzchen wagen

2. vt
messen; length also abmessen; room also ausmessen; (= take sb's measurements) Maß nehmen bei; (fig) beurteilen, abschätzen; words abwägen
a measured mile — genau eine Meile

to measure one's length (fig) — der Länge nach hinfallen

3. vi
messen
what does it measure? — wie viel misst es?, wie groß ist es?

* * *

measure [ˈmeʒə(r); US auch ˈmeı-]

A s

1. Maß(einheit) n(f):

cubic measure, solid measure Raum-, Kubikmaß;

lineal measure, linear measure, long measure, measure of length Längenmaß;

square measure, superficial measure Flächenmaß;

measure of capacity Hohlmaß; → dry measure, liquid A 2

2. fig (richtiges oder vernünftiges) Maß, Ausmaß n:

beyond (all) measure über alle Maßen, grenzenlos;

her joy was beyond measure ihre Freude kannte keine Grenzen;

for good measure noch dazu, obendrein;

in a great ( oder large) measure

a) in großem Maße, überaus,

b) großenteils;

in some measure, in a (certain) measure gewissermaßen, bis zu einem gewissen Grade;

without measure ohne Maßen;

set measures to Grenzen setzen (dat);

know no measure kein Maß kennen

3. Messen n, Maß n:

(made) to measure nach Maß (gearbeitet);

take the measure of sth etwas abmessen;

take sb’s measure

a) jemandem Maß nehmen ( for a suit für einen Anzug),

b) auch get sb’s measure fig jemanden taxieren oder ab-, einschätzen;

I have his measure ich habe ihn durchschaut; → made-to-measure

4. Maß n, Messgerät n:

weigh with two measures fig mit zweierlei Maß messen; → tape measure

5. fig Maßstab m (of für):

be a measure of sth einer Sache als Maßstab dienen;

Man is the measure of all things der Mensch ist das Maß aller Dinge

6. Anteil m, Portion f, gewisse Menge

7. a) MATH Maß(einheit) n(f), Teiler m, Faktor m

b) PHYS Maßeinheit f:

2 is a measure of 4 2 ist Teiler von 4;

measure of dispersion Streuungs-, Verteilungsmaß

8. (abgemessener) Teil, Grenze f:

set a measure to sth etwas begrenzen;

the measure of my days BIBEL die Dauer meines Lebens

9. LIT

a) Silbenmaß n

b) Versglied n

c) Versmaß n, Metrum n

10. MUS

a) Takt(art) m(f)

b) Takt m (als Quantität):

the first ( oder opening) measure

c) Zeitmaß n, Tempo n

d) Takt m, Rhythmus m

e) Mensur f (bei Orgelpfeifen):

tread ( oder trip) a measure obs tanzen ( with mit)

11. poet Weise f, Melodie f

12. pl GEOL Lager n, Flöz n

13. CHEM Mensur f, Grad m (eines graduierten Gefäßes)

14. TYPO Zeilen-, Satz-, Kolumnenbreite f

15. Fechten: Mensur f, Abstand m

16. Maßnahme f, -regel f, Schritt m:

take measures Maßnahmen treffen oder ergreifen; → legal A 4

17. JUR gesetzliche Maßnahme, Verfügung f

B v/t

1. (ver)messen, ab-, aus-, zumessen:

measure off eine bestimmte Länge abmessen;

measure one’s length fig der Länge nach oder längelang hinfallen;

measure sb (be [ oder get] measured) for a suit jemandem Maß nehmen (sich Maß nehmen lassen) für einen Anzug

2. measure out

a) ausmessen, die Ausmaße oder Grenzen bestimmen, ein Bergwerk markscheiden,

b) harte Strafen etc verhängen

3. fig ermessen

4. (ab)messen, abschätzen ( beide:

by an dat):

measured by ( oder against) gemessen an

5. beurteilen (by nach)

6. vergleichen, messen ( beide:

against, with mit):

measure o.s. against sb;

measure one’s strength with sb seine Kräfte mit jemandem messen;

measure swords bes fig die Klingen kreuzen ( with mit)

7. eine Strecke durchmessen, zurücklegen

C v/i

1. Messungen vornehmen

2. messen, groß sein:

it measures 7 inches es misst 7 Zoll, ist ist 7 Zoll lang

3. measure up to

a) die Ansprüche (gen) erfüllen, gut abschneiden im Vergleich zu,

b) den Ansprüchen etc gewachsen sein,

c) heranreichen an (akk)

meas. abk

1. measurable

2. measure

* * *
1. noun
1) Maß, das

weights and measures — Maße und Gewichte

for good measure — sicherheitshalber; (as an extra) zusätzlich

give short/full measure — (in public house) zu wenig/vorschriftsmäßig ausschenken

made to measure — pred. (Brit., lit. or fig.) maßgeschneidert

2) (degree) Menge, die

in some measure — in gewisser Hinsicht

a measure of freedom/responsibility — ein gewisses Maß an Freiheit/Verantwortung (Dat.)

3) (instrument or utensil for measuring) Maß, das; (for quantity also) Messglas, das; Messbecher, der; (for size also) Messstab, der; (fig.) Maßstab, der

it gave us some measure of the problems — das gab uns eine Vorstellung von den Problemen

beyond [all] measure — grenzenlos; über die od. alle Maßen adverb

4) (Mus.): (time) Takt, der

5) (step, law) Maßnahme, die; (Law): (bill) Gesetzesvorlage, die

take measures to stop/ensure something — Maßnahmen ergreifen od. treffen, um etwas zu unterbinden/sicherzustellen
2. transitive verb
1) messen [Größe, Menge usw.]; ausmessen [Raum]

measure somebody for a suit — [bei] jemandem Maß od. die Maße für einen Anzug nehmen

2) (fig.): (estimate) abschätzen

3) (mark off)

measure something [off] — etwas abmessen
3. intransitive verb
1) (have a given size) messen

2) (take measurement[s]) Maß nehmen

Phrasal Verbs:

- measure out

- measure up to

* * *

(music) n.

Takt -e (Musik) m. n.

Maß -e (Mathematik) n.

Maß -e n.

Maßeinheit f.

Maßnahme -n f.

Metrum n.

Takt -e m. v.

messen v.

(§ p.,pp.: maß, gemessen)

vermessen v.

English-german dictionary > measure
20 lleno de

= fraught with, replete with, full of, bursting with, strewn with, plagued with, teeming with, studded with, brimful (of/with), riddled with, jam-packed (with), filled to capacity, flush with, laden with

Ex. That such uninformed intelligence has been translated into hard decisions is fraught with the gravest of consequences for the future of SLIS as bases for IT development.

Ex. Such information will soon be replete with the requisite illustrations and, if need be, with sound explanations to boot.

Ex. The idea was exquisite but full of terror.

Ex. It is a great pleasure to welcome you to a country bursting with pride and energy.

Ex. The field of reference work is strewn with failures, measured in the enquirer's terms, but where the reference librarian did provide a technically perfect answer to the actual question asked.

Ex. Contemporary library and information science discourse is plagued with tunnel vision and blind spots that seriously affect the profession's efforts to plan the library's future.

Ex. In teaching session after teaching session, day after day, school tasks are administered through textbooks, instruction manuals, reference works, etc -- tomes teeming with problems for the pupils to solve.

Ex. He embodies the otherworldly in a narrative studded with spectacles and visions.

Ex. This sprawling, exuberant novel, brimful with characters, aspires to accommodate a city full of lifestyles.

Ex. This hope might prove futile since the draft is riddled with contradictions.

Ex. This week is looking to be quite a jam packed, event-filled, extravaganza!.

Ex. If a class is filled to capacity, please contact the secretary and ask to be put on a waiting list.

Ex. There is growing evidence in Iraq, Afghanistan and beyond that al Qaeda and its allies are newly flush with cash, able to buy new weapons.

Ex. Did you know that the "pope's nose" is laden with toxins from the chicken's body which accumulate in the little fatty morsel?.

* * *

= fraught with, replete with, full of, bursting with, strewn with, plagued with, teeming with, studded with, brimful (of/with), riddled with, jam-packed (with), filled to capacity, flush with, laden with

Ex: That such uninformed intelligence has been translated into hard decisions is fraught with the gravest of consequences for the future of SLIS as bases for IT development.

Ex: Such information will soon be replete with the requisite illustrations and, if need be, with sound explanations to boot.

Ex: The idea was exquisite but full of terror.

Ex: It is a great pleasure to welcome you to a country bursting with pride and energy.

Ex: The field of reference work is strewn with failures, measured in the enquirer's terms, but where the reference librarian did provide a technically perfect answer to the actual question asked.

Ex: Contemporary library and information science discourse is plagued with tunnel vision and blind spots that seriously affect the profession's efforts to plan the library's future.

Ex: In teaching session after teaching session, day after day, school tasks are administered through textbooks, instruction manuals, reference works, etc -- tomes teeming with problems for the pupils to solve.

Ex: He embodies the otherworldly in a narrative studded with spectacles and visions.

Ex: This sprawling, exuberant novel, brimful with characters, aspires to accommodate a city full of lifestyles.

Ex: This hope might prove futile since the draft is riddled with contradictions.

Ex: This week is looking to be quite a jam packed, event-filled, extravaganza!.

Ex: If a class is filled to capacity, please contact the secretary and ask to be put on a waiting list.

Ex: There is growing evidence in Iraq, Afghanistan and beyond that al Qaeda and its allies are newly flush with cash, able to buy new weapons.

Ex: Did you know that the "pope's nose" is laden with toxins from the chicken's body which accumulate in the little fatty morsel?.

Spanish-English dictionary > lleno de

Страницы

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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this is beyond my capacity

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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this is beyond my capacity

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